Manua was annexed in 1904, then added to American Samoa. Don't use plagiarized sources. 1, Number of Inhabitants (Washington, DC: 1942), 12.6% of the population of the Greater United States lived in the overseas territories. 1857. Annexation, in international law, is the forcible acquisition of one state's territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory. o :E>vYs~;+&`]J(g(Ql)u Y!+wZ41Y@5 V5Q Z J&j8jkuJ?uFbccuc(d01 Ey?G78%@E^5p;MlCjRM1 a#j@#(#$5|IW:;&,-~P0m. 29, September 1, 1949, 3; American Samoa (16): American Samoa Statistical Digest (Pago Pago: 1994), 17; Guam and Micronesia (35 together): Hal Friedman, Creating an American Lake: United States Imperialism and Strategic Security in the Pacific Basin, 194547 (Westport, CT, 2001), 122; U.S. for $7.2 million; statehood 1959, Annexation of independent republic; statehood 1959, Purchased from Spain I have emphasized the United States overseas colonies, places like Puerto Rico and the Philippines. Boston, Small, Maynard & company. sovereign, self-governing republic, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1986 became a The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an historical review, Names Bicknell, Edward. Not only was the occupation itself onerous, but the reconquest of those colonies by the United States was extraordinarily violent. It has proved to be such an enduring category of analysis because of its capaciousness. 5 0 obj 23 In the past decade, Diplomatic History has dramatically increased its publishing on the Philippines, with an article every two or three years. For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. The present historiographical preoccupation with U.S. empire is usually dated to 1959, the year that William Appleman Williamss The Tragedy of American Diplomacy was published. After thousands of whites poured into the territory, many in breach of federal law, it was eventually admitted as a white-majority state in 1907. The country claimed 94 such islands, nearly all in the Caribbean and Pacific, by 1903. Most U.S. historians, especially when working on the zoomed-out, textbook level, implicitly take as their unit of analysis only a part of the United States, the contiguous part. Palin herself twice attended Alaska Independence Party conventions. 28. am looking for help for this assingment witch about ProForma Statement I need to create ProFor. ",#(7),01444'9=82. Takeover, the purchase of one company by another; Mergers and acquisitions, transactions in which the ownership of companies or their operating units are transferred or consolidated with other entities; Procurement, finding, agreeing terms and acquiring goods, services or works from an external source; Library acquisitions, department of a library responsible for . To occupy a country temporarily is obviously different from annexing it. Leadership Task 2 By 1791, when all of the Atlantic states except Georgia had given up their pretentions that their borders stretched to the western edge of the country, the states covered only slightly more than half (55%) of the United States. * I am grateful to Alvita Akiboh, Michael Allen, Daniel Bessner, Brooke Blower, Michael Falcone, John Immerwahr, Julia Irwin, Aaron OConnell, Andrew Preston, Daniel Sargent, and the Huntington Library Long-Term Fellows Working Group for their thoughts on this essay and to Christopher Capozzola for introducing me to the term Greater United States.. 27. Insular Affairs of the Department of the Interior, Annexed in settlement with Britain and Germany; Yet annexation did take place. August R. Ohmans 1904 pocket map, highlighting the expansion of the United States, feautures a world map, top inset. Empire, Militarization, and Suburbanization and the Marshall Islands, 19441986 (Ph.D. The literature on U.S. empire is truly voluminous. The extraordinary maps they made showed the United States as it had become, not a contiguous mass but rather an empire with global reach. A key enabling move made by Williams and the Wisconsin School that continued his ideas was to refuse to limit discussion of empire to a discussion of colonies. At the same time, the Greater United States expanded through occupationsthe Japanese, South Korean, German, and Austrian occupations all extended into the postwar period. This was an intellectually transformative event. (New York, 2006), 179. United States Acquisitions and Annexations 1857-1904. 21. Hi 529,189. In 1950, Albizu orchestrated a coordinated uprising throughout Puerto Rico, a rebellion so serious that the Puerto Rican National Guard used planes to suppress it, strafing the towns of Jajuya and Utuado from the sky. William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (Cleveland, OH, 1959). When we factor the territories in, were left not with the logo mapthe familiar compact and static land mass. Reasoning with a racist logicthe initial cases were decided by the same court that decided Plessy v. Ferguson it concluded that the bulk of the territories were unincorporated into the political body of the United States. African Americans, frequently understood to be victims of internal colonization, are a small and subjugated part of the population. Get Your Custom Essay on, United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence Certainly, in terms of size, current overseas holdings dont add up to muchall U.S. overseas territory today, including military bases, comprises an area smaller than Connecticut. Shattuc, W. B. But those familiar borders only held for four years. There is another aspect of the Second World War that deserves mention. Rather, we encounter the United States as something new: a dynamic and heterogeneous polity, with borders shifting throughout North America, the Caribbean, the Arctic, and the Pacific. It comes from 189899, when the United States gutted Spains empire, claiming the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam for itself, occupying Cuba, and taking the occasion to annex the non-Spanish lands of Hawaii and American Samoa. 22. Map of A map of the United States showing the growth of the nation from 1783 to1853. United States--Colonial question, - U.S. historians have displayed a tremendous interest in the subject of empire for a long time. Zone in Germany (17,174): figures from October 1946 census reported in The Demography of War: Germany, Population Index 14 (1948): 299; Continental United States (132,481): Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington, DC: 1975), part I, 8. Fish and Wildlife Service, Purchased from Russia for $7.2 million; Statehood It included an extended period of martial law in Hawaii. But they are not the whole of it. 5 (2011): 134891. Mexican Cession. But I do not think that is reason for U.S. historians to exclude the territories from their analyses and stick to the mainland. Only in Hawaii, Midway, and Howland did the vagaries of the international date line place the attack on December 7th. In the 1840s and 1850s, US leaders saw Cuba's strategic importance Annexation by the United States Read . Imperialism in Puerto Rico (Berkeley, CA, 2002); Katherine T. McCaffrey, Military Power and Popular Protest: The U.S. Navy in Vieques, Puerto Rico (New Brunswick, NJ, 2002); Noenoe K. Silva, Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2004); Warwick Anderson, Colonial Pathologies: American Tropical Medicine, Race, and Hygiene in the Philippines (Durham, NC, 2006); Paul A. Kramer, The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, and the Philippines (Chapel Hill, NC, 2006); Julian Go, American Empire and the Politics of Meaning Elite Political Cultures and the Philippines and Puerto Rico during U.S. Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2008); Julie Greene, The Canal Builders: Making Americas Empire at the Panama Canal (New York, 2009); Jana K. Lipman, Guantnamo: A Working-Class History between Empire and Revolution (Berkeley, CA, 2009); Alfred W. McCoy, Policing Americas Empire: The United States, the Philippines and the Rise of the Surveillance State (Madison, WI, 2009); Anne L. Foster, Projections of Power: The United States and Europe in Colonial Southeast Asia (Durham, NC, 2010); Lanny Thompson, Imperial Archipelago: Representation and Rule in the Insular Territories under U.S. Dominion after 1898 (Honolulu, HI, 2010); and Julian Go, Patterns of Empire: The British and American Empires, 1688 to the Present (Cambridge, 2011). Treaty of Paris of 1783 following American The New York Puerto Rican Day Parade last summer was also dedicated to Pedro Albizu Campos. 11. Paul V. McNutt, address at Beta Theta Pi Fraternity, November 27, 1946; McNutt, P.V., Correspondence and Speeches, 194546 folder, box 7, Office of the High Commissioner of the Philippine Islands, Records of the Washington, DC, Office, 194246, Records of the Office of Territories, Record Group 126, National Archives and Records Administration. This box map, from the inside cover of the 1910 edition of Allen C. Thomas's textbook, An Elementary History of the United States (first published 1900), shows the Philippines, Alaska, Hawai'i, Guam, Wake Island, American Samoa, and Puerto Rico. Sectionalism map of the united states; Albizu presents something of a puzzle. We destroyed roads, public buildings, and bridges. % . endobj The country had claimed scattered military bases before, but in 1945, the United States possessed some 30,000 military installations on 2,000 base sites. Wall maps. 40 By the time Alaska and Hawaii became states in 1959, the proportion of people living under U.S. jurisdiction but outside of the states had fallen from 51% to around 2%, and it has hovered between 1% and 3% ever since. Because my calculation does not include states that were never territories, it excludes (1) the original thirteen states, (2) states that were carved out of existing states (KY, ME, WV), and (3) independent republics that were admitted as states (TX, VT). But California was the extreme. United States--History, - This was not a freak event. For a very long time, in fact. $.' Erez Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford, 2007). 4. under Adams-Ons Treaty, Purchase from Mexico following American-Mexican War; Calculated from figures in Franklin K. Van Zandt, Boundaries of the United States and the Several States (Washington, DC, 1966), 26264 and Thomas Donaldson, The Public Domain: Its History, with Statistics (Washington, DC, 1884), 8788. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, rev. Albizus long career defies easy summary. I jokingly describe this to my students as the Menacing Eagle School of History, after the many books in this vein whose covers depict eagles attacking the globe. The independent United Stated flirted with the idea of annexing Cuba from the time of Thomas Jefferson's' administration. They are maintained, not through informal influence, but through legal agreements, formal incursions onto the sovereignty of host nations. Imperial maps are discussed in Susan Schulten, The Geographical Imagination in America, 18801950 (Chicago, IL, 2001), 3844, 17680. Relief shown by hachures and spot heights. 161. Help With Assignments 1 It also added to its colonial holdings in 1947 with the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands: technically a trusteeship administered by the United States on behalf of the United Nations, but held under a unique arrangement that allowed the UN almost no effective oversight. ch. 1848. In the Philippines, the United States abandoned its initial strategy of engaging Japanese forces on the ground for one of bombing and shelling suspected Japanese targets from afar. The Jackson administration proposed carving out a large portion of Indian Territory for eventual admission to the union as an all-Indian state. Histories of the United States are, by and large, histories of the logo map. 9. It also shows the Philippines, Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, Wake Island, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the Panama Canal Zone in boxes. Prime meridians: Washington, D.C. and London. We have been so long used to regard the United States as an extent of country reaching from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and bounded on the north by the British possessions and on the south by the Mexican Republic, remarked the Attorney General, that it requires almost a wrench to take us out of our old habits of thought and accustom us to the fact that our domain on the north reaches to within the Arctic Circle; that we have the Sandwich Islands [Hawaii]; that we have the vast Philippine Archipelago. 14, Cartographers, eager to showcase the new dimensions of the country, rushed to publish new maps. In 1857, the United States began annexing guano islandsuninhabited islands possessing valuable fertilizer. for $15 million, including assumed claims, Purchased from Spain According to U.S. Bureau of the Census, Reports on Population, Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940 , vol. for $5 million in assumed claims under Adams-Ons Treaty, Purchase from Mexico Now lets look at Entrepreneurial Leadership 28 And the annexations continued: Alaska (1867), the 189899 acquisitions (Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, American Samoa), the Panama Canal Zone (1903), the Virgin Islands (1917), and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (1947). Fone Later L AUSTRALIA PACIFIC OCEAN IN 14 W 10 W IN W analyze this Document (notes), Home About Services Privacy Reviews Login, Copyright 2023 Academic Cave | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme, Click one of our contacts below to chat on WhatsApp. We can see, better than we could before, how the territorial extensions of the United States matter today, and how they have mattered in the past. Dorr v. United States , 195 U.S. 138, 155 (1904) (Harlan, J. M., dissenting). 15. Major accounts include Federico Ribes Tovar, Albizu Campos: Puerto Rican Revolutionary , trans. David Rumsey Map Collection. 39 It abandoned base sites, in some cases as a response to anti-basing protests. Or jump ahead to the 2008 presidential election, which pitted Barack Obama, a Hawaiian (born shortly after Hawaii became a state), against John McCain, a Zonian (i.e., born in the Panama Canal Zone), and Sarah Palin, the governor of Alaska. 203. following military victory; independent in 1946, Annexed following military victory over Spain, Annexed in settlement with Britain But things are changing quickly. 26. They hung on classroom walls. That was undoubtedly less than lived in the world-straddling British Empire, where there were roughly ten colonial subjects for every inhabitant of the British Isles. 45. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Philippines Island, Midway Island, Guam and more. That list includes some of the most written-about figures in U.S. history: John Pershing, George C. Marshall, Douglas MacArthur, and Dwight Eisenhower. DOCUMENT 3 "Article I: The Government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any . Spanish-America War; fully independent in 1946, Annexed following Spanish-America War; currently a Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. See, for example, James C. Fernald, The Imperial Republic (New York, 1899); Alpheus H. Snow, The Administration of Dependencies: A Study of the Evolution of the Federal Empire, with Special Reference to American Colonial Problems (New York, 1902); and Willis Fletcher Johnson, A Century of Expansion (New York, 1903). The first arc in the history of the Greater United States, concerning western territories, is obviously central to any telling of U.S. history, and has been since at least Frederick Jackson Turners frontier thesis. Why were so many new possessions located in the Pacific Ocean? The profession of liberty (the eagle), the reality of domination (the grasping talons)both parts are important to the notion of informal empire. Bicknell, Edward. And for the U.S. nationals who inhabited those colonies, it was a traumatic affair. This can be most clearly seen in the realm of the law. Many of the most important books have been edited collections: Amy Kaplan and Donald Pease, eds., Cultures of United States Imperialism (Durham, NC, 1993); Frances Negrn-Muntaner and Ramn Grosfoguel, eds., Puerto Rico Jam: Rethinking Colonialism and Nationalism (Minneapolis, MN, 1997); Julian Go and Anne L. Foster, eds., The American Colonial State in the Philippines: Global Perspectives (Durham, NC, 2003); Catherine Lutz, ed., The Bases of Empire: The Global Struggle against U.S. Military Posts (New York, 2009); Alfred W. McCoy and Francisco A. Scarano, eds., Colonial Crucible: Empire in the Making of the Modern American State (Madison, WI, 2009); and Alyosha Goldstein, ed., Formations of United States Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2014). I am here counting Washington, D.C., among the states, even though it is a district, not a state, and lacks the full rights that states have. Jimmy M. Skaggs, The Great Guano Rush: Entrepreneurs and American Overseas Expansion (New York, 1994), 199. 21. Map of A map of the United States showing the territorial acquisitions up to the Gadsden Purchase in northern Mexico in 1853. It was, in the Pacific, a war over colonies. 15. Besides the histories of military bases listed above, exemplary studies of small spaces include Ron Robins examination of embassies and cemeteries in Enclaves of America: The Rhetoric of American Political Architecture Abroad, 19001965 (Princeton, NJ, 1992); John Lindsay-Polands portrait of San Jose Island in Emperors in the Jungle: The Hidden History of the U.S. in Panama (Durham, NC, 2003), ch. By its entry into the First World War in 1917, the United States could appear on the global stage as an ideologically anti-colonial force, even though it still held a sizeable empire. jurisdiction of Office of Insular Affairs of the Department of the For a comparable historiographical concept, see Gary Wilders notion of Greater France in The Imperial Nation-State: Negritude and Colonialism Humanism between the Two World Wars (Chicago, IL, 2005). In the span of only a few years, the United States had increased its size exponentially with the contentious annexation of Texas in 1845, the 1846 Oregon Treaty with Great Britain for half of the Oregon Country; and acquired California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming as a result of the Mexican-American War Both Hillary Clinton and Rudy Giuliani marched in that parade. The logo-map silhouette was completed in 1853, with the Gadsden Purchase. 19. Pdf. - Shattuc, W. B. Course Outcomes explored in this module: Lab Report 328 JFIF ` ` C ^ a b c d e f g h i j World Atlas. CLASS Discussion Board 5: The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as Pdf. The many islands claimed by the United States but not listed in the census (all uninhabited) are not included. 3 Albizu founded Puerto Ricos Army of Liberation in the 1930s. The story of western expansion is, of course, well known. 44, The United States has shifted away from the large land annexations of the nineteenth century to an empire consisting largely of islands and overseas bases: a pointillist empire. United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904. Alaska 1867 secretary of state William Seward buys this from Russia for 7.2 billion in gold-- called Sewards Folley Hawaii 1898 important coaling station and source of sugar, the McKinley tariff states that we have to pay tariff for sugar, so we overthrow the queen. sovereign, self-governing republic, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1994 became a Geographical crumbs is what Neil Smith called them in his book American Empire . Thus, in these cases of partial annexation, I use 1803 as the start date for LA, MN, ND, SD, MT, OK, and WY; 1845 as the start date for CO and NM; and 1848 as the start date for AZ. But moving it into the non-state column changes little. The organization consisted of several groups of adventurers for hire that acted more or less independently under the company's charter. On Hawaiian statehood in this regard, see Sarah Miller-Davenport, State of the New: Hawaii Statehood and Global Decolonization in American Culture, 19451978 (Ph.D. Its common in our field to emphasize the year 1898 and the war with Spain. 37. Not in the sense of endorsing the Courts opinion, but in adhering to the Courts understanding about what parts of the United States are in the country and what parts arent. 31 Over the course of the war, Japan attacked every inhabited Pacific colony that the United States held, and it occupied the Philippines, Guam, Wake, and part of Alaska. To speak only of formal acquisitions, . Consider that, in 1940, African Americans made up less than nine percent of the population. Its not hard to see why book jacket designers are so fond of that trope, as it actually captures a great deal of the argument. in 1979, United Nations Trust Territory; self-governing as Northern In World War I, inspired by Wilsonian rhetoric of self-determination, Albizu served as a First Lieutenant in the U.S. Army. 1853. Congress officially annexed Alaska in 1884 America Acquires Alaska U. But, overall, the overseas territories today contain over four million people. Please read and follow the lab r, Internet Research Of 6 Ids And 6 Vulnerability Management And Assessment Tools 1 Available also Peabody, M. M. (Moody Morse) - Peabody, M. M. Wall map. Its not only the Philippines. There has been an accelerating avalanche of high-profile books on U.S. overseas territory, especially the Philippines. By then, it had reclaimed its Pacific colonies from Japan. 18 Its worth noting, though, that Bolton himself was shaped by the 1898 moment. In that decade, his followers bombed numerous federal buildings (including the governors mansion) and assassinated Puerto Ricos chief of police. On the eve of the Second World War, the United States had the worlds fifth-largest empire on the planet by population. These were, it is important to state, not novelty maps. The Greater United States is not my term. It has to do also with something deeper: our conception of the United States. Perpetual Foreigners: Chinese Americans and the U.S. Dean Kohlhoff, When the Wind Was a River: Aleut Evacuation in World War II (Seattle, WA, 1995) and Jennifer Sepez, Christina Package, Patricia E. Malcolm, and Amanda Poole, Unalaska, Alaska: Memory and Denial in the Globalization of the Aleutian Landscape, Polar Geography 30 (2007): 193209. Municipal annexation is a process by which a municipality expands its boundaries into nearby, usually adjacent, unincorporated areas. Law Club (Chicago, Ill.) - Smith, Howard Leslie. As it gained power, it shed territory. stream Stephen Hunter and John Bainbridge, Jr., American Gunfight: The Plot to Kill Harry Trumanand the Shoot-Out That Stopped It (New York, 2005), 266. of the United States UNITED STATES 1898 1895 Ishorten L GUATEMAL CARAGUA Guam PANTALLA SOUTH AMERICA N Canal One might rightly ask whether, in accepting the category of the Greater United States, historians would be implicitly endorsing or naturalizing the United States empire. Arguments for U.S. In popular memory, it remains the good war, a war focused mainly on the goal of stopping Hitlers crusade through Europe. The historical literature on bases is growing quickly, with an especially tight focus on the tense relationships between bases and their surrounding areas. It is an extraordinary fact about the United States that its western territories became states, parts of the union on an equal footing with older states. (William B.) For a sustained engagement by a Wisconsin-School historian with formal imperialism, see Walter LaFeber, The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective , rev. 23. Frank Ninkovich offers an overview of the historiography in The United States and Imperialism, in Robert D. Schulzinger, ed., A Companion to American Foreign Relations (Malden, MA, 2003), 79102.