Understanding the impact of sleep on cognitive function should help you understand that cramming all night for a test may be not effective and can even prove counterproductive. A neighbor called the police after witnessing Falater standing over his wifes body before dragging her into the pool. The researchers showed that these states correspond to distinct strategies, and then they identified . When we do this, we often experience jet lag. Early attempts to treat her condition with a stimulant drug alone were unsuccessful. Jet lag is a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. Some people also experience altered states of consciousness through meditation, hypnosis, or alcohol and other drugs. Disorganized Thinking. EVERYDAY CONNECTION: Solutions to Support Healthy Sleep, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Alan Hobson, a neuroscientist, is credited for developing activation-synthesis theory of dreaming. Historically, hypnosis has been viewed with some suspicion because of its portrayal in popular media and entertainment (Figure 4.20). As discussed by Siegel (2008), a definition of sleep must also include mention of the interplay of the circadian and homeostatic mechanisms that regulate sleep. Users experience increased energy, feelings of pleasure, and emotional warmth. These episodes can last 1020 seconds or longer and often are associated with brief periods of arousal. They were ALL my fault. C) the severity and duration of the problem. A) a mole that looks cancerous B) nasal congestion C) change in heart rate D) issues with breathing Which of the following American health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist? Codeineis an opioid with relatively low potency. Marijuana, LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, dissociative anesthetics including ketamine and PCP, Increased heart rate and blood pressure that may dissipate over time, Mild to intense perceptual changes with high variability in effects based on strain, method of ingestion, and individual differences, Understand what is meant by consciousness, Explain how circadian rhythms are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, and how circadian cycles can be disrupted, Describe areas of the brain involved in sleep, Understand hormone secretions associated with sleep, Describe several theories aimed at explaining the function of sleep, Differentiate between REM and non-REM sleep, Describe the differences between the three stages of non-REM sleep, Understand the role that REM and non-REM sleep play in learning and memory, Describe the symptoms and treatments of insomnia, Recognize the symptoms of several parasomnias, Describe the symptoms and treatments for sleep apnea, Recognize risk factors associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and steps to prevent it, Describe the symptoms and treatments for narcolepsy. Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. Psychology 2e by Openstax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Incentral sleep apnea, disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing (White, 2005). As already mentioned, the hypothalamus contains the SCNthe biological clock of the bodyin addition to other nuclei that, in conjunction with the thalamus, regulate slow-wave sleep. Depletion of certain neurotransmitters can lead to mood dysphoria, cognitive problems, and other factors. Generally, narcolepsy is treated using psychomotor stimulant drugs, such as amphetamines (Mignot, 2012). These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). Sleep is also associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including: melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). Because the biological clock is driven by light, exposure to bright light during working shifts and dark exposure when not working can help combat insomnia and symptoms of anxiety and depression (Huang, Tsai, Chen, & Hsu, 2013). In the wake of the opiate epidemic, many drug cartels in Mexico are shifting from producing heroin to producing highly potent but inexpensive forms of methamphetamine. Restless leg syndrome is quite common and has been associated with a number of other medical diagnoses, such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Complications. 1. Acircadian rhythmis a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours. For example, withdrawal from sedative drugs often produces unpleasant arousal and agitation. Some circadian rhythms play a role in changes in our state of consciousness. typically follow the example of their parents more than their friends. (a) Delta waves, which are low frequency and high amplitude, characterize (b) slow-wave stage 3 and stage 4 sleep. In Falaters case, a jury found him guilty of first degree murder in June of 1999 (CNN, 1999); however, there are other murder cases where the sleepwalking defense has been used successfully. Medical marijuana is legal in over half of the United States and in the District of Columbia (Figure 4.19). These drugs promote increased levels of neural activity. All of the following are true statements concerning the health of Americans EXCEPT: a. mortality rates from smoking have declined. Confusion. According to the dissociation view, hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness, much like our earlier example where you may drive to work, but you are only minimally aware of the process of driving because your attention is focused elsewhere. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, andinsomnia(i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a months time) (Roth, 2007). Recently, a new EPAP (expiratory positive air pressure) device has shown promise in double-blind trials as one such alternative (Berry, Kryger, & Massie, 2011). (credit: Laurie Avocado). Other drugs, including the opioid buprenorphine, have also been used to alleviate symptoms of opiate withdrawal. Thirst. Beyond being awake or asleep, there are many other states of consciousness people experience. Adenosine is a neurotransmitter that promotes sleep. Nicotine is most commonly used in the form of tobacco products like cigarettes or chewing tobacco; therefore, there is a tremendous interest in developing effective smoking cessation techniques. Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. Jet lagis a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. Some research suggests that sleep deprivation affects cognitive and motor function as much as, if not more than, alcohol intoxication (Williamson & Feyer, 2000). Given that withdrawal from a drug often involves an experience opposite to the effect of the drug, it should be no surprise that opioid withdrawal resembles a severe case of the flu. . As he went to investigate what was going on, he was met by a group of police officers who arrested him for the murder of his wife (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). These components include: These steps are conducive to being open to the heightened suggestibility of hypnosis. For instance, have you ever daydreamed while driving home from work or school without really thinking about the drive itself? An agonist facilitates the activity of a neurotransmitter system, and antagonists impede neurotransmitter activity. Biological rhythmsare internal rhythms of biological activity. Freud made distinctions between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams. 23. In addition to withdrawal, many individuals who are diagnosed with substance use disorders will also develop tolerance to these substances. Recommendations like these have helped to decrease the number of infant deaths from SIDS in recent years (Mitchell, 2009; Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 2011). Narcoleptic episodes take on other features of REM sleep. Avoid anything stimulating for an hour before bed. While we all experience altered states of consciousness in the form of sleep on a regular basis, some people use drugs and other substances that result in altered states of consciousness as well. However, when a stimulant drug was used in conjunction with a popular antidepressant, her condition improved dramatically. Often, however, people wishing to learn to meditate receive some training in techniques to achieve a meditative state. This final section will consider hypnotic and meditative states as additional examples of altered states of consciousness experienced by some individuals. (credit a: modification of work by Todd Huffman), Psychedelic images like this are often associated with hallucinogenic compounds. In a lucid dream, a person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming, and as such, they can control the dreams content (LaBerge, 1990). In 2015, the National Sleep Foundation updated their sleep duration hours, to better accommodate individual differences. We might even describe consciousness as a continuum that ranges from full awareness to a deep sleep. The chapter will close with discussions of altered states of consciousness produced by psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and meditation. As mentioned earlier, one of the criteria for insomnia involves experiencing these symptoms for at least three nights a week for at least one months time (Roth, 2007). The crisis actually began in the 1990s, when pharmaceutical companies began mass-marketing pain-relieving opioid drugs like OxyContin with the promise (now known to be false) that they were non-addictive. In addition, stage 1 sleep involves a marked decrease in both overall muscle tension and core body temperature. Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system (Hardeland et al., 2006). Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. In Hilgards experiments, he induced participants into a state of hypnosis, and placed their arms into ice water. If you get peritoneal dialysis, peritonitis symptoms also may include: Cloudy dialysis fluid. While medical marijuana laws have been passed on a state-by-state basis, federal laws still classify this as an illicit substance, making conducting research on the potentially beneficial medicinal uses of marijuana problematic. One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. Opium, Heroin, Fentanyl, Morphine, Oxycodone, Vicoden, methadone, and other prescription pain relievers, Decreased pain, pupil dilation, decreased gut motility, decreased respiratory function. Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks. The substantial amount of research on SIDS has led to a number of recommendations to parents to protect their children (Figure 4.14). Stimulant users seek aeuphoric high, feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking. It is administered alone or in conjunction with doses of melatonin (the hormone secreted by the pineal gland). This hypnogram illustrates how an individual moves through the various stages of sleep. Loss of appetite. Given the average life expectancy for U.S. citizens falls between 73 and 79 years old (Singh & Siahpush, 2006), we can expect to spend approximately 25 years of our lives sleeping. Individuals who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams. Normal brain functioning is altered after repeated use of these drugs. This causes blood vessels to dilate, and the skin may feel warm and flushed. (b) People practicing meditation may experience an alternate state of consciousness. Pain relief, euphoria, sleepiness. Interestingly, individuals who have increased levels of alpha brain wave activity (more often associated with wakefulness and transition into stage 1 sleep) during stage 3 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking, regardless of how long they slept (Stone, Taylor, McCrae, Kalsekar, & Lichstein, 2008). . If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have sleep debt. His children and his wifes parents all agreed that Falater had an excellent relationship with his wife and they couldnt think of a reason that would provide any sort of motive to murder her (Cartwright, 2004). The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as the brains clock mechanism. Physiologically, the body can become addicted to opiate drugs in less than a week, including when taken as prescribed. The pineal and pituitary glands secrete a number of hormones during sleep. Often, we are not completely aware of our surroundings, even when we are fully awake. It appeared that Scott Falater had killed his wife in his sleep, or at least, that is the defense he used when he was tried for his wifes murder (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). Many individuals diagnosed with sleep apnea first seek treatment because their sleeping partners indicate that they snore loudly and/or stop breathing for extended periods of time while sleeping (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013). There is a tremendous amount of variability among sufferers, both in terms of how symptoms of narcolepsy manifest and the effectiveness of currently available treatment options. Until recently, the United States Department of Justice routinely arrested people involved and seized marijuana used in medicinal settings. I was really sleepy and having trouble concentrating. Despite recent changes in laws designed to make obtaining pseudoephedrine more difficult, methamphetamine continues to be an easily accessible and relatively inexpensive drug option (Shukla, Crump, & Chrisco, 2012). Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. Nicotine exerts its effects through its interaction with acetylcholine receptors. Weakness and fatigue. The first stage of NREM sleep is known as stage 1 sleep. The early portion of stage 1 sleep producesalpha waves, which are relatively low frequency (813Hz), high amplitude patterns of electrical activity (waves) that become synchronized (Figure 4.8). The effects of all psychoactive drugs occur through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems. (credit: modification of work by new 1lluminati/Flickr), Medical marijuana shops are becoming more and more common in the United States. AK-complexis a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli. Sleep is characterized by certain patterns of activity of the brain that can be visualized using electroencephalography (EEG), and different phases of sleep can be differentiated using EEG as well. Neurogenic shock is caused by damage to the central nervous system, usually a spinal cord injury. Using crystal meth poses a number of serious long-term health issues, including dental problems (often called meth mouth), skin abrasions caused by excessive scratching, memory loss, sleep problems, violent behavior, paranoia, and hallucinations. It may surprise you to know that sleep deprivation is associated with obesity, increased blood pressure, increased levels of stress hormones, and reduced immune functioning (Banks & Dinges, 2007). Alertness is associated with higher body temperatures, and sleepiness with lower body temperatures. In the brain, the hypothalamus, which lies above the pituitary gland, is a main center of homeostasis. Toleranceis linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses. (a) A typical CPAP device used in the treatment of sleep apnea is (b) affixed to the head with straps, and a mask that covers the nose and mouth. Hypnosisis a state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli. For example, people who undergo chemotherapy will often be prescribed marijuana to stimulate their appetites and prevent excessive weight loss resulting from the side effects of chemotherapy treatment. Another evolutionary hypothesis of sleep holds that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which increase in darkness. Research shows that the most severe effects of sleep deprivation occur when a person stays awake for more than 24 hours (Killgore & Weber, 2014; Killgore et al., 2007), or following repeated nights with fewer than four hours in bed (Wickens, Hutchins, Lauk, Seebook, 2015). To date, people have used a variety ofnicotinereplacement therapies in addition to various psychotherapeutic options in an attempt to discontinue their use of tobacco products. Think meditation might help? Is it absolutely essential that we sleep? Adepressantis a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity. Because GABA has a quieting effect on the brain, GABA agonists also have a quieting effect; these types of drugs are often prescribed to treat both anxiety and insomnia. Unlike Freud and Jung, Cartwrights ideas about dreaming have found empirical support. That is why individuals suffering from sleep deprivation can also put themselves and others at risk when they put themselves behind the wheel of a car or work with dangerous machinery. A womans menstrual cycle is an example of a biological rhythma recurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes. You have read that the pineal gland releases melatonin during sleep (Figure 4.6). While many users snort cocaine, intravenous injection and inhalation (smoking) are also common. a. Sleep deprivation, in general, is associated with a number of negative consequences (Brown, 2012). While people are often unaware of their sleep apnea, they are keenly aware of some of the adverse consequences of insufficient sleep. Lucid dreamsare dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state. The heart rate slows . The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? Asleep spindleis a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory (Fogel & Smith, 2011; Poe, Walsh, & Bjorness, 2010). Sleep debt and sleep deprivation have significant negative psychological and physiological consequencesFigure 4.5. Research indicates that meditation may help reduce blood pressure, and the American Heart Association suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, although there is not sufficient data for a recommendation to be made (Brook et al., 2013). Many of these processes, like much of psychological behavior, are rooted in our biology. (credit: modification of work by Mikael Hggstrm). It may feel like alcohol helps you sleep, but it actually disrupts REM sleep and leads to frequent awakenings. Dopamine activity is often associated with reward and craving; therefore, drugs that affect dopamine neurotransmission often have abuse liability. Homeostasis refers to the body's need to reach and maintain a certain state of equilibrium. Our sleep-wake cycle, which is linked to our environments natural light-dark cycle, is perhaps the most obvious example of a circadian rhythm, but we also have daily fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and body temperature. This figure illustrates some of the negative consequences of sleep deprivation. In general, smoking cessation programs may be effective in the short term, but it is unclear whether these effects persist (Cropley, Theadom, Pravettoni, & Webb, 2008; Levitt, Shaw, Wong, & Kaczorowski, 2007; Smedslund, Fisher, Boles, & Lichtenstein, 2004). Site has information/education resources on a broad range of topics, including asthma, birth defects, radiation, sanitation, lead in blood, and more. Like many other stimulants, cocaine agonizes the dopamine neurotransmitter system by blocking the reuptake of dopamine in the neuronal synapse. If people are deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep without disturbance, they will spend more time in REM sleep in what would appear to be an effort to recoup the lost time in REM. Reduced urine. To keep heroin affordable, many dealers began adding more potent synthetic opioids including fentanyl and carfentanyl to increase the effects of heroin. The amount of sleep we get varies across the lifespan. Historically, heroin has been a major opioid drug of abuse (Figure 4.17). Large-scale public health campaigns by the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Drug Abuse have led to recent declines in the opioid crisis. Despite the prevalence of caffeine use and the large number of people who confess to suffering from caffeine addiction, this was the first published description of soda dependence appearing in scientific literature. Sleepis a state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness. The pons is important for regulating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). For example, irritability, distractibility, and impairments in cognitive and moral judgment can occur with fewer than four hours of sleep. Loss of appetite. Moreover, these impairments become more severe as the amount of sleep deprivation increases (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007). Increased prescriptions led to greater rates of misuse, along with greater incidence of addiction, even among patients who used these drugs as prescribed. During this time, there is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat. Drug use disorders are addictive disorders, and the criteria for specific substance (drug) use disorders are described in DSM-5. a. will be healthier than children because they are exposed to fewer infectious diseases.b. The participant is guided to focus on one thing, such as the hypnotists words or a ticking watch. Its simply that they feel so overwhelmed and stressed that they cannot fall asleep or stay asleep. At rather low doses, alcohol use is associated with feelings of euphoria. Thecollective unconscious, as described byJung, is a theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone. People who suffer from this disorder can injure themselves or their sleeping partners when engaging in these behaviors. Devices like this are designed to provide exposure to bright light to help people maintain a regular circadian cycle. Opioids have analgesic properties; that is, they decrease pain. Increased alertness, mild euphoria, decreased appetite in low doses.