The musculoskeletal system consists of hard tissues (bones, joints, cartilage) and soft tissues (muscles, tendons, ligaments). Oligodendrocytes have processes that reach out to multiple axon segments, whereas the entire Schwann cell surrounds just one axon segment. All cells of the human body are eukaryotic, meaning that they are organized into two parts: nucleus and cytoplasm. Kim Bengochea, Regis University, Denver. ("3" in the orientation figure) a molecular layer containing dendrites of the pyramidal cells. Many neurons in the spinal cord may appear shrunken and surrounded by an empty space due to poor fixation. They are organized into lobules, with each lobule containing a parenchyma of seminiferous tubules and a connective tissue stroma. Some cutting edge research suggests that certain neurons in the CNS do not conform to the standard model of one, and only one axon. Anatomy & Physiology I Chapter 4. This ground substance, also referred to as Wharthons jelly, provides insulation and protection to the blood vessels of the umbilical cord. Name this exception. Because of this, only specific types of molecules can enter the CNS. Supporting cells dont get as much credit as neurons in popular culture; but did you know that glial cells make up at least 80% of nervous tissue? Primary lymphoid organs (bone marrow and thymus) produce lymphocytes (B and T cells) while secondary lymphoid organs (diffuse lymphoid tissues, lymphatic nodules, lymph nodes and spleen) help to rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted material. The lateral extension of the ventral horn slide 065-2 contains relatively large, multipolar visceral motor neurons of the intermediolateral cell column that extends from levels T1 through L2 of the spinal cord. The study of. The material presented details the chemistry, diagnostic application, and staining protocols for special stains used to . One cell providing support to neurons of the CNS is the astrocyte, so named because it appears to be star-shaped under the microscope (astro- = star). Mesenchyme gives rise to all types of connective tissue. Click on explore at the bottom of the page 3. adipose tissue, gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system). All of these components work together to provide movement to the body. On a longitudinal section, cardiomyocytes appear branched, joined together by specialized junctions called intercalated discs which allow them to quickly exchange electrical impulses and work as a syncytium. Correct answer 2. Lymph nodes are distributed along lymphatic vessels, filtering lymph as it passes through. The other major glial cell type you should know about are microglia which are small cells derived from blood monocytes. Because of this, ependymal cells can be considered a component of the BBB, or a place where the BBB breaks down. These cells have a single, long, nerve tract entering the bottom of the cell body. Fetal tissues are classified into two types: mesenchyme and mucoid (mucous) connective tissue. Structure of a Neuron. The insulation for axons in the nervous system is provided by glial cells, oligodendrocytes in the CNS, and Schwann cells in the PNS. Copyright Each organ of the digestive system has properties that make it specialized for its role in the digestion, absorption and excretion of food. They are considered part of the mononuclear phagocytic system and will proliferate and become actively phagocytic in regions of injury and/or inflammation. Type II pneumocytes are also important because they secrete surfactant which prevents the lungs from collapsing. It is made up of gray matter and white matter. Test yourself on cardiac muscle tissue with the following quiz. The kidneys clear waste products and control plasma pH, electrolytes and extracellular fluid volume. Cardiomyocytes contain actin and myosin filaments just like other muscle cells, but they have some special structural and functional properties. To visualize this dendritic tree, an osmium stain can be used. Germinal (spermatogenic) epithelium, with spermatogenic cells and nurse (sertoli) cells, forms the convoluted tubules, while small circular interstitial (Leydig) cells are found in the connective tissue between the tubules. During development, the glial cell is loosely or incompletely wrapped around the axon (Figure 6). One is the axon and one the dendrite, forming a straight line. The axons of pyramidal cells will descend through the interior white matter of the cerebrum into the three parts of the brainstem: the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla. Ependymal cells line each ventricle, one of four central cavities that are remnants of the hollow center of the neural tube formed during the embryonic development of the brain, as well as the central canal of the spinal cord. Interstitial cells produce testosterone, a hormone that regulates spermatogenesis. The outer cerebellar cortex, shown in Figure 8, is tightly folded and has three distinct layers: Purkinje cells are typically arranged in a single row between the exterior molecular and interior granular layers. It is composed of densely packed epithelial cells with only a little extracellular matrix (ECM). Specialised cells (melanocytes, Merkels cells, Langerhans cells) and free nerve endings are found within the epidermis, providing pigmentation, protection and sensation. The ECM contains different protein fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic) embedded in ground substance. Unipolar cells are exclusively sensory neurons and have two unique characteristics. Pia mater 2. Friday, August 26 The PNS is all neural tissue outside of the CNS, i.e. These exclusively contain neurons with a pseudounipolar neuronal arrangement. - PowerPoint PPT presentation Number of Views: 793 Avg rating:3.0/5.0 Slides: 13 Provided by: RachelA156 Category: The nervous system can be organized in several different ways. Glial cells, or neuroglia or simply glia, are the other type of cell found in nervous tissue. Later in this sequence, you will learn how the hippocampus and dentate gyrus function in what is known as the "limbic system" to integrate inputs from many parts of the nervous system into complicated behaviors such as learning, memory, and social interaction. Glucosethe primary energy sourceis allowed, as are amino acids. Skin appendages are derivatives of the epidermis. While this barrier protects the CNS from exposure to toxic or pathogenic substances, it also keeps out the cells that could protect the brain and spinal cord from disease and damage. The other processes of the neuron are dendrites, which receive information from other neurons at specialized areas of contact called synapses. When macrophages encounter diseased or damaged cells in the rest of the body, they ingest and digest those cells or the pathogens that cause disease. Like a few other parts of the body, the brain has a privileged blood supply. Nervous tissue. Cells are categorized into various types, all of which perform different functions. Controls and integrates all body activities. . Some ways in which they support neurons in the central nervous system are by maintaining the concentration of chemicals in the extracellular space, removing excess signaling molecules, reacting to tissue damage, and contributing to the blood-brain barrier (BBB). With one exception, neurons such as this (though not necessarily this large) are found in ALL areas of the nervous system. This method is based on the ability of single stranded DNA or RNA to merge with a complementary strand and build a hybrid which is then detected due to the label. They also have cilia on their apical surface to help move the CSF through the ventricular space. Using slide 77, determine that the cerebellar cortex is organized into an outer molecular layer slide 077 View Image containing basket and stellate cells (not distinguishable by routine light microscopy) as well as axons of granule cells found in the deeper, highly cellular granule layer slide 077 View Image. Histology of nervous tissue1 Kifayat Khan 855 views 26 slides Nervous tissue2k1 Hatesh Mahtani 4.8k views 109 slides General histology || Nervous tissue Ali Nasser 457 views 8 slides Nervous tissue i kohlschuetter 3.3k views 25 slides Nervous tissue 1 aiyub medicine 4.3k views 90 slides Introduction to Neuropathology Cassie Porebski Click on the tissue and observe. The cerebellum is the part of the brain responsible for integrating input from the sensory organs to coordinate the precise, voluntary movements originally initiated in the cerebral cortex. Satellite cells are found in sensory and autonomic ganglia, where they surround the cell bodies of neurons. Much like the male, the female reproductive system is also designed for reproduction and sexual pleasure. It consists of internal genitalia (vagina, uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries) and external genitalia or vulva (mons pubis, labia majora and minora, clitoris, vestibule, vestibular bulb and glands). Grounded on academic literature and research, validated by experts, and trusted by more than 2 million users. Click on the white box with the question mark on it 4. A third type of connective tissue is embryonic (fetal) tissue, this is a type of primitive tissue present in the embryo and umbilical cord. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. Histology Complete and Basic Tissues. Remember that the perikaryon is the metabolic support center for each neuron, so, therefore, motor neurons require much larger perikarya. This is the reason why people with extensive burns are in life-threatening danger. When viewing the microscopic anatomy of the ovary, we can see that it consists of a surface germinal epithelium (capsule), ovarian follicles (cortex) and connective tissue (capsule, cortex medulla). The tissue is sectioned thinly enough so that light can pass through it. Because the axon hillock represents the beginning of the axon, it is also referred to as the initial segment. Description: Chapter 11 Histology of Nervous Tissue J.F. The epidermis is a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium mostly made out of keratinocytes. What is the difference between a ganglion and a nucleus? Nervous Tissue DR. DEVI 1 16-4-19 2. For Schwann cells, the outermost layer of the cell membrane contains cytoplasm and the nucleus of the cell as a bulge on one side of the myelin sheath. Skin glands include sweat glands (apocrine and eccrine) and sebaceous holocrine glands, both are important in regulating body temperature. Nails are plates of proliferating keratinized cells that, similar to hair, contain hard keratin. Body tissues are collections of cells, grouped in the body according to structure and function. Because of the privileged blood supply inherent in the BBB, the extracellular space in nervous tissue does not easily exchange components with the blood. Neurons are important, but without glial support they would not be able to perform their function. Microglia are, as the name implies, smaller than most of the other glial cells. Vocal cords are housed in the larynx, formed by two folds of mucosa, each containing a supporting ligament (vocalis ligament) and a skeletal muscle (vocalis muscle). It consists of small, spindle-shaped mesenchymal cells and ground substance with sparse collagen and reticular fibers. Ongoing research into these cells, although not entirely conclusive, suggests that they may originate as white blood cells, called macrophages, that become part of the CNS during early development. Neurons of the cerebral cortex are of varying shapes and sizes, but the most obvious arepyramidal cells. Many axons are wrapped by an insulating substance called myelin, which is actually made from glial cells. Slide of tissue is followed by slide of tissue with correct answer. Thus are essential for maintaining homeostasis of the body. within limits that maintain life. 1. All content published on Kenhub is reviewed by medical and anatomy experts. By examining a thin slice of bone tissue under a microscope, colorized with special staining techniques, you see that these seemingly simple bones are actually a complex microworld containing an array of structures with various different functions. between a tract and a nerve? The excretory system includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. This Power point presentation will allow students to practice the skill of identifying tissue types from 25 histology slides. In the peripheral nervous system, the larger diameter axons are surrounded by a lipid-rich myelin sheath formed by the Schwann cells (Wheater's pg. Myelin is lipid-rich, and on gross inspection appears white. Be sure you identify the white matter in bothluxol blue-stainedslide 076View ImageandTB&E-stained#076bView Imagesections, as it will appear differently in these two stains. There are 6 classically recognized layers of the cortex: Pyramidal cells in layers III and V tend to be larger because their axons contribute to efferent projections that extend to other regions of the CNS pyramidal neurons in layer V of motor cortices send projections all the way down to motor neurons in the spinal cord! These sections are then mounted on a glass slide, using a mounting medium as an adhesive. Both will appear grey to the naked eye and under the microscope, due to their lack of myelin. Due the nature of histological sampling, it is impossible to see the entirety of a three-foot-long neuron on a single slide. Connective tissue proper is further subdivided into loose connective tissue, mostly found in internal organs as supporting tissue stroma, and dense connective tissue, which can be regular (tendons, ligaments) or irregular (dermis of the skin, organ capsules). Identify all four general tissue types Answer: epithelial, connective, muscular & nervous Which of the four basic types is described below: Contains free edge Lines hollow organs Anchored by basement membrane Answer:Epithelial tissue Which of the four basic types is described below: Lack blood vessels, Readily divide Cells are tightly packed Lateral to this structure is the tail of the caudate. Figure 1, Figure 4, and Figure 5 show the myelin sheath surrounding an axon segment, but are not to scale. Did you know that chronic alcoholics have a lot more smooth endoplasmic reticulum concentrations in their hepatocytes? Gordana Sendi MD It relays sensory input to cerebral cortex. Kenhub. The renal corpuscle contains the glomerulus, a tuft of fenestrated capillaries which creates an ultrafiltrate of blood. Get instant access to this gallery, plus: Introduction to the musculoskeletal system, Nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the abdomen, Nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the pelvis, Infratemporal region and pterygopalatine fossa, Meninges, ventricular system and subarachnoid space, keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, Cellular membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, nucleus. Since tissues are normally colourless, applying a dye to the tissue section allows the cells and their components to be seen under a microscope. Still deeper is the white matter slide 077 View Image of the cerebellum, which contains nerve fibers, neuroglial cells, small blood vessels, but no neuronal cell bodies. Thoroughly learn the parts of a cell using our diagrams and cell quizzes! The choroid plexus is a specialized structure in the ventricles where ependymal cells come in contact with blood vessels and filter and absorb components of the blood to produce cerebrospinal fluid. Want to create or adapt books like this? Under light microscopy, skeletal and cardiac muscles appear striated due to the parallel arrangement of their contractile filaments into repeating units called sarcomeres. nervous tissue is derived from embryonic neuroectoderm The nervous system is divided anatomically into: Central Nervous System (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. Diffuse lymphoid tissues and lymphatic nodules are non-encapsulated accumulations of lymphoid tissue found in locations such as the alimentary, respiratory and genitourinary tracts. The integumentary system consists of the skin and skin appendages. Each one reaches out and surrounds an axon to insulate it in myelin. 2. The first step in tissue preparation for optic microscopy is fixation. 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