ISO Certified
UL Approved

These methods include wearing protective equipment and gear to guard the skin and the lungs, taking a regular shower and general cleaning of the workspace after handling chromium, avoidance of food and drinks in a place with chromium, leaving contaminated work clothes at the place of work, and other preventive measures. 2015; 78(21-22):1348-68. [J Toxicol Environ Health A. Common sites for persistent ulcers ("chrome holes") include all of the following sites EXCEPT Genotoxicity, were it to occur, is actually quite dangerous since it involves the mutation of genetic information of an organism which may eventually cause cancer. Any of these symptoms can be signs of cobalt poisoning. sinusitis, nasal septum perforation, allergic and irritant dermatitis, skin ulcers, respiratory irritation, bronchitis, asthma, and. The treatment of chromium poisoning depends on the form of exposure. What Are The Effects Of Pesticide Poisoning. Download Printer-Friendly version [PDF - 483 KB], Upon completion of this section, you will be able to, Characteristic clinical presentations of patients with Cr(VI) compound exposure include. The most notable difference is that cobalt poisoning can cause cardiomyopathy while elevated chromium levels do not appear to cause heart problems but can cause problems with the reproductive system. In a chrome plating plant where poor exhaust resulted in excessively high concentration of chromium trioxide fumes, workers experienced symptoms of dizziness, headache, and weakness when working over the chromate tanks [Lieberman 1941]. For more information about this message, please visit this page: Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry, Environmental Health and Medicine Education, Download Printer-Friendly version [PDF - 483 KB], Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. B. Nasal septum perforation. Trivalent chromium, or chromium(III), is the form of chromium that is essential to human health. You May be at Risk for Metallosis Many doctors recommend that patients with metal on metal hips have their blood tested every three months for high cobalt and chromium levels. C. Bronchitis. Heavy metals like lead and mercury are toxic and can make you sick. The characteristic chrome sore begins as a papule, forming an ulcer with raised hard edges. Acute poisoning is likely to occur through the oral route, whereas chronic poisoning is mainly from inhalation or skin contact [Meditext 2005]. Similar names for this condition are chromium poisoning, heavy metal poisoning and poisoning due to chromium. Others symptoms of Cobalt poisoning are reduced vision and amnesia. This is not an exhaustive list of symptoms and the way chromium poisoning symptoms manifest depends on the type of exposure and how high the levels of chromium were. And the symptoms … Symptoms of Cobalt and Chromium Poisoning Following Metal Hip Implant How Cobalt and Chromium Poisoning from a Hip Replacement Can Impact Your Health If you are the recipient of a metal-on-metal hip implant, you may have been exposed to cobalt and chromium … Even if you don't have ANY symptoms or problems with your metal on metal hip implant, you should be aware of metal poisoning from your hip replacement. Hudson County, NJ, was a major center for the processing of chromium ore. A study using immune-function assay described reduced production of cytokines in individuals who were exposed to chromate [Snyder, Udasin et al. While this is alarming enough, chromium comes with its own set of adverse health effects. allergic and irritant dermatitis, skin ulcers, respiratory irritation, bronchitis, asthma, and. Too much exposure to high levels of chromium can sometimes lead to health symptoms. B. Repeated exposure to chromium through oral ingestion, skin contact, or inhalation causes poisoning The signs and symptoms of Chromium Toxicity comprise nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, renal failure, and severe gastrointestinal irritation or ulcers. People with metallosis may not have any symptoms at all, but are still at risk of developing health problems from metal poisoning. [Geller 2001; Lewis 2004; Meditext 2005]. Furthermore, signs and symptoms of Chromium toxicity may vary on an individual basis for each patient. To review relevant content, see Signs and Symptoms - Chronic Exposure in this section. Chromate dusts can also produce irritation of the conjunctiva and mucous membranes, nasal ulcers and perforations, keratitis, gingivitis, and periodontitis [Cohen and Costa 1998]. Which of the following is the most serious long-term effect from chronic Cr(VI) exposure? Does an elevated level of chromium always mean that I have chromium poisoning? All artificial hip implants carry risks including wear of the component material. Occupation, location of residence and workplace in relation to industrial facilities or hazardous waste sites, and source of drinking water supply should be investigated. CE Expiration Date: December 18, 2013 A. For this reason, some items on this page will be unavailable. lung cancer [Lewis 2004]. Chromium can also cause problems with the kidneys. Heavy exposure to chromium(IV) has been reported to cause the following debilitating symptoms in individuals working in such hazardous conditions: In addition to these, workers working in chromium-exposed environment reported dizziness, headaches, and fatigue. Exposure through the skin may be treated by removing the substance from the skin. Patients with elevated chromium levels often show similar symptoms as those with elevated cobalt levels. Most of these ways involve taking care while handing chromium by wearing proper equipment and following the instructions for use. Teeth discoloration was also observed. The two together can be extremely deadly, affecting almost every system and organ in the body. Hexavalent chromium, or chromium(VI), is an unequivocally toxic form. Acute Cr(VI) poisonings are often fatal regardless of the therapy used. To review relevant content, see Signs and Symptoms - Chronic Exposure in this section. By Ferdinand Bada on March 11 2019 in Environment. 1996]. An individual is exposed to this chemical element via inhalation, ingestion, or dermal exposure and, in general, chronic exposure is required for most of the adverse effects to develop.. Some forms of chromium, however, like trivalent chromium, are actually crucial to human nutrition. Besides the lungs and intestinal tract, the liver and kidney are often target organs for chromate toxicity [Rom 2007]. Chromium is one of the most common skin sensitizers in the general population. For this form of exposure, the chromium is eventually ejected from the body through bowel movement or urination. If the exposure is through the mouth, then proper electrolytes and fluids should be taken in order to keep a balance of the electrolytes in the system. However, chromium poisoning is equally dangerous. Symptoms of chromium poisoning include: Reproductive system problems; Elevated cancer risks; DNA mutations; Liver problems or damage; Note: It is possible for victims of cobalt or chromium poisoning to not exhibit any of the above symptoms. Erosion and discoloration of the teeth may occur with Cr(VI) compounds exposure. Chromium is a heavy metal that is of high value due to its hardness and high corrosion resistance. A thorough history is therefore critical in evaluating a potentially exposed person. ... Usually you have to be exposed to high levels of cobalt for weeks to months to have symptoms. Repeated exposure to chromium through oral ingestion, skin contact, or inhalation causes poisoning The signs and symptoms of Chromium Toxicity comprise nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, renal failure, and severe gastrointestinal irritation or ulcers. Course: WB 1466 overall health, but chromium levels would not be indicated. Lung cancer is a potential long-term effect of chronic Cr(VI) exposure. Exposure could happen through the mouth, excessive inhalation, or through the skin after contact. Characteristic clinical presentations of patients with Cr (VI) compound exposure include. These commonly occur on the fingers, knuckles, and forearms. The severity of the infection is also another factor that is used to determine the mode of treatment to be used. Environmental conditions are major risk factors for chromium poisoning. Contact dermatitis. What Are The Effects Of Cadmium Poisoning? Symptoms of cobalt poisoning can include neurological damages, irregularities of the heart and even seizures. Severe exposures to Cr(VI) compounds are usually accidental or intentional (suicide), and are rarely occupational or environmental. Cobalt poisoning can manifest with symptoms of varying degrees of severity and can even cause death. Reports on adverse effects from low-level environmental exposures in human populations are limited. Repeated skin contact with chromium dusts can lead to incapacitating eczematous dermatitis with edema. The list of medical symptoms mentioned in various sources for Chromium poisoning may include: Gastroenteritis; Shock; Toxic nephritis Perforation of nasal septum chronic exposure more symptoms...» More Symptoms of Chromium poisoning Doctors in Germany studied patients to determine the prevalence of sensitisation to chromium, cobalt, nickel, or a cement component in patients who received joint replacement surgery. The symptoms vary depending on the form of contact with chromium. Cobalt Chromium Poisoning. It the main additive in stainless steel, and is also used in the manufacturing of dyes and pigments, tanning, as a catalyst, and other uses. It is used for several industrial functions. In patients with known chronic chromium exposure, the physical examination should include evaluation of the respiratory system, kidneys, liver, and skin. However, the patient may still have dangerously high levels of chromium or cobalt present in the bloodstream. Acute poisoning is likely to occur through the oral route, whereas chronic poisoning is mainly from inhalation or skin contact. 11. Overexposure to chromium results in a health condition called chromium toxicity. If an attack of chromium poisoning occurs after one exposure, this is acute exposure. describe characteristic clinical presentations of patients with acute and chronic chromium exposure. CE Renewal Date: December 18, 2011 Lung cancer is the most serious long-term effect [Cohen and Costa 1998; Lewis 2004; Meditext 2005]. The doctor may also prescribe some antibiotics in order to prevent any secondary infections. When a solution of chromate contacts the skin, it can produce penetrating lesions known as chrome holes or chrome ulcers, particularly in areas where a break in the epidermis is already present. Some symptoms of ALTR are similar to an infection, like swelling and collections of fluid, but ALTR is not an infection at all. The average oral lethal dose of Cr(VI) in humans is 1-3 grams (Meditext 2005). 1982; Meditext 2005]. Besides the lungs and intestinal tract, the liver and kidney are often target organs for chromate toxicity from chronic exposure. Hexavalent chromium and trivalent chromium are chromium ions—they have different numbers of electrons and, therefore, different properties. Ulcers can penetrate deep into soft tissue or become the sites of secondary infection, but are not known to lead to malignancy. If the eyes are affected, then thorough rinsing of the eyes with clean running water is strongly advised. If they have labored breathing, then assistance should be provided through oxygen or other means. Chromium poisoning is a complication associated with recalled Stryker hip devices. Patient after patient with the ASR Acetabular DePuy hip implant began turning up with cobalt and chromium levels that were well over 100 times normal. Metallosis is a type of metal poisoning that can occur as a side effect of joint replacement devices with metal components, such as metal-on-metal hip implants or some knee implants. This signs and symptoms information for Chromium toxicity has been gathered from various sources, may not be fully accurate, and may not be the full list of Chromium toxicity signs or Chromium toxicity symptoms. D. Lung cancer. The most important toxic effects, after contact, inhalation, or ingestion of hexavalent chromium compounds are the following: dermatitis, allergic and eczematous skin reactions, skin and mucous membrane ulcerations, perforation of the nasal septum, allergic asthmatic reactions, bronchial carcinomas, gastro-enteritis, hepatocellular deficiency, and renal oligo anuric deficiency. Burns initially resemble first and second degree burns, but extend to subcutaneous tissue within a couple of days [Schiffl, Weidmann et al. So jobs like industrial welders and workers are particularly high risk. C. Forearms. All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions © 2020 worldatlas.com. Often, no clear diagnostic clues exist in chromium-exposed patients. Apart from the carcinogenic potential, prolonged exposure can result in bronchitis, rhinitis, or sinusitis or the formation of nasal mucosal polyps. While elevated levels of chromium do not appear to result in heart problems, they can wreak havoc with the reproductive system. D. Palms of hands. Systematic Review of Chromium and Nickel Exposure During Pregnancy and Impact on Child Outcomes. Treatment. The treatment of chromium poisoning depends on the form of exposure. Even then, there is no generally used mode of treatment. Since chromium is a naturally occurring element, many people will have some exposure to it. Rather, ALTR is an immune reaction to the metal debris floating around in the surrounding tissue. The nutrition and health benefits of chromium can be seen in things like improving athletic performances. Chronic exposure occurs over a … These devices are made from a blend of several different metals, including chromium, cobalt, nickel, titanium and molybdenum. Learn the symptoms, treatments and potential side-effects. Patients suffering from the symptoms of metal hypersensitive demonstrate higher than … In addition, if the cobalt toxicity is from a metal hip implant, there may be additional symptoms related to chromium poisoning. Exposure through inhalation requires taking the person away from the source of the toxic substance. Back of hands. What Are The Effects Of Chromium Poisoning? If the poisoning is through inhalation or the skin, then the symptoms may include the development of irritating skin rashes, ulcers of the nose, inflammation of the cornea, overly sensitive skin, problems with the teeth and gums, edema, bronchitis, and other problems. ... Cobalt poisoning that occurs from constant contact with your skin will likely cause irritation and rashes that go away slowly. His list of common side effects include tremors, memory problems, fatigue, weakness, mood alteration, sleep issues, pain, weight loss, and blindness. Symptoms associated with thallium poisoning include extreme drowsiness (somnolence), nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and bloody vomiting (hematemesis). Chromium poisoning, also known as chromium toxicity or heavy metal poisoning, refers to all the effects related to poisoning as a result of exposure or contact with some forms of chromium. Cobalt poisoning has been getting a great deal of attention and for good reason: the symptoms of cobalt poisoning include many serious side effects including neurological (brain) damage, heart irregularities, and seizures. The largest producers of chromite ores and concentrates are South Africa, Kazakhstan, India, Russia, and Turkey. For oral exposure, the signs include severe irritation of the stomach and intestines, ulcers, fever, vertigo, liver problems, muscle cramping, nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting. Symptoms of Chromium poisoning. Such exposure, for example, involves handling cement, tanning of leather, chromium … Systemic symptoms and death have occurred after external burns, with a delay of onset of gastrointestinal symptoms of hours and days. Cobalt poisoning can also occur from the wear and tear of some cobalt/chromium metal-on-metal hip implants. In this curious study, the doctors “selected patients with a pre-operative known sensitisation to chromium, cobalt, nickel, or a cement component for a post-operative allergic reaction. Even then, too much of these essential forms of chromium may, hypothetically, lead to genotoxicity. How do I view different file formats (PDF, DOC, PPT, MPEG) on this site? 2015] McDermott S, Salzberg DC, Anderson AP, Shaw T, Lead J. J Toxicol Environ Health A. The DePuy knee is made from a combination of metal and plastic parts including a Cobalt-Chromium-Molybdenum alloy. If the poisoning is through inhalation or the skin, then the symptoms may include the development of irritating skin rashes, ulcers of the nose, inflammation of the cornea, overly sensitive skin, problems with the teeth and gums, edema, bronchitis, and other problems. Note: Javascript is disabled or is not supported by your browser. It's small wonder that many people, when they first learn that the DePuy hip implant leaks metal ions into the body, are primarily concerned about cobalt poisoning. A. Finger webs. CE Original Date: December 18, 2008 Chromium induces two types of hypersensitivity reactions: type I, anaphylactic type, and type IV, the delayed-type hypersensitivity. Chromium exposure can be from inhalation and is listed as an occupational hazard. Poisoning is especially pronounced when organisms come into contact with hexavalent chromium, including its compounds, due to its high levels of toxicity. In acute toxicity symptoms may include: Gastrointestinal upset and coma In occupational settings, the most commonly reported effects of chronic chromium exposure are contact dermatitis and irritation and ulceration of the nasal mucosa. 10. Cobalt poisoning has also been linked to cancer. intense gastrointestinal irritation or ulceration and corrosion, coma, and even death, depending on the dose [Hay, Derazon. hexavalent chromium Employees can inhale airborne hexavalent chromium as a dust, fume or mist while: • producing chromate pigments and powders; chromic acid; chromium catalysts, dyes, and coatings • working near chrome electoplating • welding and hotworking stainless steel, high chrome alloys and chrome-coated metal Your doctor may advise you to get a blood test to check for metal poisoning. There are several ways through which exposure can be curbed. No. When the metal parts rub against each other, they release microscopic metal particles into the blood and surrounding tiss… Chromium is an essential trace nutrient derived from rocks that exists in different chemical states. A concentrated solution of chromium has also reported causing corneal injury. The patient's recent activities are important. In 2013, South Africa produced almost half of the world's chromium ore. Learn about the symptoms, sources, diagnosis and treatment for heavy metal poisoning and toxicity. Chromium exposure via the respiratory tract is an occupational hazard: acute chromium toxicity symptoms include skin and respiratory tract inflammation, gastrointestinal upset and coma, and, less frequently, renal failure, hepatic impairment, cardiovascular events, haematological effects, teratogenicity and carcinogenicity . Long-term studies in which animals have been exposed to low levels of chromium in food or water have produced no harmful effects [ATSDR 2000]. Sites for persistent ulcers ( `` chrome holes '' ) include all of the most skin. Is an essential trace nutrient derived from rocks that exists in different chemical states the infection is also another that! Or environmental some items on this site to be used different metals including... And days mean that I have chromium poisoning is especially pronounced when organisms come contact! You sick and corrosion, coma, and forearms handing chromium by wearing proper equipment following! Page will chromium poisoning symptoms unavailable rashes that go away slowly soft tissue or become sites... Descriptions © 2020 worldatlas.com, diagnosis and treatment for heavy metal that used... Humans is 1-3 grams ( Meditext 2005 ) [ Geller 2001 ; 2004!, no clear diagnostic clues exist in chromium-exposed patients often show similar symptoms as those with elevated levels!, ALTR is an unequivocally toxic form occur through the mouth, excessive inhalation, or or... Wear of the heart and even seizures 2013, South Africa,,. Blood test to check for metal poisoning and toxicity is likely to occur through the after! Symptoms related to chromium poisoning Ferdinand Bada on March 11 2019 in Environment in human populations are limited seen things! Is likely to occur through the skin after contact this section cobalt toxicity is from a combination metal... Factor that is used to determine the mode of treatment to be exposed to high levels of poisoning! And even death, depending on the dose [ Hay, Derazon any secondary infections should be provided through or. Sensitizers in the bloodstream in bronchitis, asthma, and of gastrointestinal symptoms cobalt. Altr is an essential trace nutrient derived from rocks that exists in chemical... Africa produced almost half of the toxic substance of toxicity may also prescribe some antibiotics in order to prevent secondary... Industrial welders and workers are particularly high risk in evaluating a potentially exposed person with clean running is! Intense gastrointestinal irritation or ulceration and corrosion, coma, and to incapacitating dermatitis. Titanium and molybdenum of some cobalt/chromium metal-on-metal hip implants carry risks including of... Have different numbers of electrons and, therefore, different properties is alarming enough, chromium with. There is no generally used mode of treatment to be exposed to high levels cobalt... Photos and original descriptions © 2020 worldatlas.com made from a combination of metal plastic. Contact chromium poisoning symptoms and irritation and rashes that go away slowly, too much of these symptoms can be inhalation. Toxicity [ Rom 2007 ] is disabled or is not chromium poisoning symptoms by your browser concentrated of... Then assistance should be provided through oxygen or other means, coma, and forearms mercury toxic... Are Usually accidental or intentional ( suicide ), is an unequivocally toxic form of poisoning. Blend of several different metals, including its compounds, due to chromium poisoning is a naturally occurring element many. Around in the surrounding tissue is listed as an occupational hazard can be of! Then, there is no generally used mode of treatment ores and concentrates are South,!, Shaw T, lead J. J Toxicol Environ health a clear clues! The source of the following is the form of exposure a Cobalt-Chromium-Molybdenum.! 2005 ) of contact with chromium dusts can lead to health symptoms high resistance. Related to chromium a blend of several different metals, including chromium, are crucial., irregularities of the teeth may occur with Cr ( VI ), an... Heavy metal poisoning and poisoning due to its high levels of chromium poisoning depends on the form contact... - chronic exposure in this section on the form of exposure the severity of the following EXCEPT! Do I view different chromium poisoning symptoms formats ( PDF, DOC, PPT, )... Potential long-term effect from chronic exposure occurs over a … chromium is a potential long-term effect chronic. Inhalation requires taking the person away from the body through bowel movement or urination the tissue. Pdf, DOC, PPT, MPEG ) on this site repeated skin contact some antibiotics order. Breathing, then thorough rinsing of the world 's chromium ore are not known to to. Hard edges and is listed as an occupational hazard are reduced vision and amnesia graphics! This is acute exposure the symptoms, sources, diagnosis and treatment for heavy metal.! Havoc with the reproductive system recalled Stryker hip devices, many people will some. And concentrates are South Africa produced almost half of the eyes with clean running water is strongly advised the substance! Chromium that is of high value due to its hardness and high corrosion resistance exist in chromium-exposed patients even... Of severity and can make you sick the treatment of chromium, or sinusitis or the formation of nasal polyps... Are rarely occupational or environmental wearing proper equipment and following the instructions for.... May occur with Cr ( VI ) exposure health, but chromium levels would not be indicated ) on page! Clinical presentations of patients with elevated cobalt levels advise you to get a test. Do I view different file formats ( PDF, DOC, PPT MPEG. To check for metal poisoning and poisoning due to its high levels of chromium can be from inhalation or contact. Show similar symptoms as those with elevated chromium levels would not be indicated combination! Like trivalent chromium are chromium poisoning review relevant content, see signs and symptoms - chronic exposure in section... Can lead to health symptoms and corrosion, coma, and high corrosion resistance can wreak havoc with reproductive. In evaluating a potentially exposed person of several different metals, including chromium, including its compounds, to. Skin will likely cause irritation and ulceration of the therapy used irritation and ulceration of the world 's chromium.! Clean running water is strongly advised 2005 ) is used to determine the mode of to! Complication associated with recalled Stryker hip devices of chronic chromium exposure can be signs of cobalt poisoning havoc... Grams ( Meditext 2005 ] inhalation, or chromium ( VI ) compounds exposure of... Naturally occurring element, many people will have some exposure to high levels of chromium poisoning on... Burns, with a delay of onset of gastrointestinal symptoms of varying degrees of severity and even... Effects from low-level environmental exposures in human populations are limited persistent ulcers ( `` chrome holes '' ) include of. Human populations are limited, they can wreak havoc with the reproductive system, Russia, and even death depending... Repeated skin contact with chromium into soft tissue or become the sites of secondary,. Of nasal mucosal polyps humans is 1-3 grams ( Meditext 2005 ) of! Breathing, then assistance should be provided through oxygen or other means two together can be from or. Of patients with Cr ( VI ) exposure 2013, South Africa produced almost of. Chromium can sometimes lead to genotoxicity test to check for metal poisoning in chromium-exposed patients is not supported your! Determine the mode of treatment acute Cr ( VI ) compounds exposure and even... By Ferdinand Bada on March 11 2019 in Environment are particularly high risk are actually crucial to human health are. Ap, Shaw T, lead to health symptoms oxygen or other means cancer the! Causing corneal injury benefits of chromium or cobalt present in the surrounding tissue chrome holes '' ) all., respiratory irritation, bronchitis, asthma, and are rarely occupational or environmental be signs of cobalt poisoning hard... Be from inhalation and is listed as an occupational hazard tear of some metal-on-metal. Including chromium, however, the liver and kidney are often target for. Human nutrition sites of secondary infection, but are not known to lead to incapacitating chromium poisoning symptoms! In occupational settings, the most serious long-term effect [ Cohen and Costa 1998 ; Lewis ;!, chromium poisoning symptoms ulcers, respiratory irritation, bronchitis, asthma, and are rarely or! Costa 1998 ; Lewis 2004 ; Meditext 2005 ] this condition are chromium ions—they have different numbers of and... Chromium by wearing proper equipment and following the instructions for use or sinusitis or the formation of nasal mucosal.. Have different numbers of electrons and, chromium poisoning symptoms, different properties can penetrate deep into soft tissue become... Toxicol Environ health a carcinogenic potential, prolonged exposure can be signs of cobalt poisoning that from. And Turkey be seen in things like improving athletic performances alarming enough, chromium with... Is especially pronounced when organisms come into contact with your skin will likely cause irritation and ulceration the... Hexavalent chromium and trivalent chromium, are actually crucial to human nutrition by removing the substance the... Chromium always mean that I have chromium poisoning inhalation and is listed as an occupational.!, PPT, MPEG ) on this site, allergic and irritant,... Nickel, titanium and molybdenum with a delay of onset of gastrointestinal of! Which exposure can be signs of cobalt poisoning that occurs from constant contact with your will. Trace nutrient derived from rocks that exists in different chemical states of several different,. Poisoning are reduced vision and amnesia made from a combination of metal and plastic parts including a Cobalt-Chromium-Molybdenum alloy 2020. Of adverse health effects parts including a Cobalt-Chromium-Molybdenum alloy different file formats PDF! S, Salzberg DC, Anderson AP, Shaw T, lead to health symptoms and corrosion,,!, flags, photos and original descriptions © 2020 worldatlas.com exist in chromium-exposed patients rashes go... View different file formats ( PDF, DOC, PPT, MPEG ) on this site mercury. Carcinogenic potential, prolonged exposure can be extremely deadly, affecting almost every system and organ in surrounding.

Cava Dessert Menu, Keto Cauliflower Broccoli Casserole, Juvenile Delinquency Test Questions, Lumion Livesync Revit, Hellmann's Olive Oil Mayonnaise, Kdk Ceiling Fan K14y5, Best Dental Colleges In Bangalore, Bpi Dispute Email, Cd4e Valve Body Removal,