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Name the two planks. One- third of the proposed jobs would be reserved for women. After discussing this multi-dimensional problem through examples, the chapter discusses the way poverty is seen in social sciences. Answer: Question 2. Or Under the programme, if an applicant is not provided employment within fifteen days, he/she will be entitled to a daily unemployment allowance. Indirect approach: This covers achieving high economic growth rate, promotion of small scale industry, promotion of agriculture. Answer the following questions briefly: What is poverty line? Poverty means hunger, lack of shelter, malnutrition, lack of access to healthcare, lack of job opportunity, illiteracy level, … Calories and Rupees fixed for rural and urban areas to measure poverty line 2. Or Once the NREGA is in force, the NFWP will be subsumed within this programme. How does a country measure its poverty? Causes of poverty as well as anti-poverty measures taken by the government are also discussed. Different countries use different poverty lines because (a) The calorie requirement of different human races is different depending on their physical condition and dietary habits. Answer: Question 3. Mention any two indicators of poverty. The 2. •Every 4th person in India is poor. Other Indicators of Poverty: Now poverty is looked through other social indicators like illiteracy level, … The accepted average calorie requirement in India is 2400 calories per … This document is highly rated by Class 9 students and has been viewed 109614 times. The international poverty line, currently set at $1.90 a day, is the universal standard for measuring global poverty. [CBSE 2016] Answer: A person is considered poor if his or her income or consumption level falls below the given minimum level necessary to fulfil the basic needs. [CBSE 2015] A person is considered poor, if his or her income or consumption level falls below a given ‘minimum level’ necessary to fulfil basic needs. Poverty as a Challenge | Economics | Chapter 3 | Class 9 | Ncert Notes | Study Material | Pdf | Download | CBSE. For making comparisons between developing countries, which uniform standard (per person per day) for the poverty line is used in terms of minimum availability? For making comparisons between developing countries, which uniform standard (per person per day) for the poverty line is used in terms of minimum availability? 5. It also is a situation in which parents are not able to send their children to school or a situation where sick people cannot afford treatment. (vi) Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY): It was launched in 2000, additional central assistance is given to states for basic services such as primary health, primary education, rural shelter, rural drinking water and rural electrification. In India poverty is calculated on the basis of the desired calorie requirement. Q.20. Q12. 19. (ii) Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala. (iii) 1. (ii) National Food for Work Programme (NFWP): It was launched in 2004 in 150 most backward districts of the country. Poor people are in a situation in which they are ill-treated at almost every place, in farms, factories, government offices, hospitals, railway stations etc. Identify the various groups vulnerable to poverty. Poverty is the most difficult challenge faced by independent India. These physical quantities are multiplied by their prices in rupees. The Average poverty gap indicator measures the average shortfall below Canada's Official Poverty Line for those living in poverty. Ans. Or Poverty means hunger, lack of shelter, malnutrition, lack of access to healthcare, lack of job opportunity, illiteracy level, lack of access to safe drinking water, sanitation etc. ‘One historical reason is the low level of economic development under the British colonial administration.’ Explain. [CBSE 2015] Answer: Lack of industrialisation: India is very backward from the industrial point of view. This would translate into a decrease in households considered poor, namely a drop from 525,743 households falling below the poverty line in 2016 to 405,441 households in 2019. Answer: These physical quantities are multiplied by their prices in rupees. 3. (ii) China, East Asia and the Pacific. According to 2018 Census figures, more than 38.1 million people in the U.S. lived below the poverty line, which was 1.4 million fewer people than in 2017. Question 1. (ii) 2100 calories MCQ Questions for Class 9 Social Science with Answers were prepared based on the latest exam pattern. [CBSE 2015] A person is considered poor, if his or her income or consumption level falls below a given ‘minimum level’ necessary to fulfil basic needs. Or Study the given bar graph carefully, and answer the following questions: Over dependence on agriculture Even after more than 60 years of independence more than 60 per cent of our total population still depends on agriculture for its livelihood. Name a poverty alleviation programme for rural areas with its objectives. It was assumed that the development of industry and agriculture would create employment opportunities and income, which would lead to rapid economic development. U.S. Federal Poverty Guidelines Used to Determine Financial Eligibility for Certain Federal Programs [Federal Register Notice, January 17, 2020 Full text][Prior Poverty Guidelines and Federal Register References Since 1982][Frequently Asked Questions(FAQs)][Further Resources on Poverty Measurement, Poverty Lines, and Their History][Computations for the 2020 Poverty Guidelines] Answer: (iv) Due to availability of work. Because of different poverty line definition, poverty in India is also shown higher than the national estimates. (iv) Tamil Nadu: Poverty has been reduced through proper public distribution system. Women, elderly people and female infants are systematically denied equal access to resources available to the family. Poverty line definition is - a level of personal or family income below which one is classified as poor according to governmental standards —called also poverty level. I. (iii) Since people living in rural areas engage themselves in more physical work, so calorie requirement in rural areas is higher than in the urban areas. Most of these states are facing rural as well as urban poverty. This figure has been now raised to … What is poverty line? Question 7. [CBSE2014] One-third of the proposed jobs would be reserved for women. (i) What do you understand by human poverty? Due to shortage of inputs, our agriculture is backward. Answer: Question 6. Similarly, state governments will establish State Employment Guarantee Funds for the implementation of the scheme. There is need to invest in agriculture and industrial sector. Education continues to be tied to poverty rates: poverty was 7.7% among college graduates age 25–64 and 30.6% among adults age 25–64 without a high school diploma. Scheduled Caste(SC) and Scheduled Tribe(ST). Poverty line varies according to time and place. In India poverty is calculated on the basis of the desired calorie requirement. However, these notes should be used only for references and additions/modifications should be made as per the requirements. States with poverty ratio less than the national average: Recent studies show that in 20 states and union territories, the poverty ratio is less than the national average. Name a scheme which was launched to create self-employment opportunities for the educated youth in the rural areas. Inflationary pressure: Upward trend in prices adversely affects the poor sections of the society. This line helps measure the number of people living in extreme poverty and helps compare poverty levels between countries. (iii) West Bengal: Poverty has been . A target for creating 25 lakh new jobs has been set for the programme under the Tenth Five Year Plan. “Poverty is a curse upon humanity.” Explain by giving two examples. The Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme. Even after fifty years of independent India, we can find a major section of the people engaged handicraft industries as , downtrodden. Answer: Q12. Poverty trends in India and the world are illustrated through the concept of the poverty line. Ans. Answer: What are the major objectives of the Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana? A poverty line is an indicator of poverty, z’.e., it is a level of income which barely meets sustenance. In poor families all suffer, but some suffer more than others. Define poverty with contest to World Bank. Discuss the major reasons for poverty in India. Both people working an earning $7.25 an hour have to only work a combined total of 41.7 hours a week total to be at the poverty line (That is just 21 hours for each to work to meet the minimum per week at the base of $7.25). British Rule: Britishers ruled India more than 100 years. (i) Which area/country of the world had the largest concentration of poor in 1981? Poverty line is usually defined on the basis of income or consumption. Name any two poverty and unemployment alleviation programmes which have been initiated by the government to remove poverty and unemployment in rural areas. Poverty Line It is an imaginary line used by any country to determine its poverty. Question 10. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. (i) Punjab: Povety has been reduced due to high agricultural growth rate. Poor It is person which lacks the financial resources and essential things to enjoy. Rural agricultural labour households . Poverty is the lack of basic human needs such as Nutrition, health care education, clothing and shelter, because of the inability to afford them. If you spend more than you make, you are not below the poverty line. Poverty is a curse because most of the poor people live with a sense of helplessnes. (i) National Rural Employ-ment Guarantee Act (NREGA) 2005: It was passed in September 2005. In 1981 more than 50 per cent of the population Answer: Answer: Question 4. Answer: Question 5. (a) $1 Get here are the solutions, questions, answers, and notes of chapter 18: POVERTY which is a part of social science class 9 syllabus of students studying under the Nagaland Board of School Education.However, these notes should be used only for references and additions/modifications should be made as per the requirements. Answer: Question 4. These surveys are carried out by the National Sample Survey Organisation. States with poverty ratio more than the national average: Orissa, Bihar, Assam, Tripura and Uttar Pradesh are the most poverty ridden states of India. As the cost of living increases, poverty lines increase too. Prior to the British rule, traditional industries, for instance, textiles, flourished in India. In India, the poverty line is determined through a minimum level of food requirement, clothing, footwear, fuel and light, educational and medical requirement, etc.. What is poverty line? After discussing this multi-dimensional problem through examples, the chapter discusses the way poverty is seen in social sciences. This figure has been now raised to … (ii) Rural Employment Gener¬ation Programme (REGP). What is poverty? Q13. above the poverty line by organising them into self-help groups through a j mix of bank credit and government subsidy. I. Poor people are debarred from the basic necessity if life, i.e. What is the accepted average calorie requirement in India Answer: Therefore women, children (especially the girl child) and old people are poorest of the poor. The poverty line is a method to measure poverty based on income or consumption levels. To remove poverty government has adopted two approaches: The government has launched various poverty alleviation schemes to control poverty. The central government will also establish National Employment Guarantee Funds. The programme aims at bringing the assisted poor families Ans. Three data points are highlighted: 31.8% in 2015, 32.9% in 2017, and 33.4% in 2018. To get the poverty level for larger families, add $4,480 for … 2. 1 answer. (i) Human poverty is a broader concept of poverty. Poverty as a challenge class 9 1. A common method used to measure poverty is based on the income or consumption level. Question 9. Above all it means living with a sense of helplessness. Poverty is the lack of basic human needs such as Nutrition, health care education, clothing and shelter, because of the inability to afford them. The Act provides 100 days assured employment every year to every rural household in 200 districts. The aim of the programme is to create self-employment opportunities for the educated unemployed youth in rural areas and small towns. Question 12. Poverty line differs from one country to another, depending upon the idea of poverty Poverty line changes from one country to another. The international poverty line, currently set at $1.90 a day, is the universal standard for measuring global poverty. Class-9 » Social Science ... the world bank has made a poverty line for the whole world ... this poverty line is called international poverty line.. it is $1 per person per day.. this is the minimum wage of a person. Question 14. Increasing stress on universal free elementary education. 4. Poverty line differs from one country to another, depending upon the idea of poverty Poverty line changes from one country to another. (iv) Why the states named by you in part (ii) have a low poverty ratio? Poverty line definition is - a level of personal or family income below which one is classified as poor according to governmental standards —called also poverty level. When is a person considered poor? (iii) Whether the poverty in South Asia is increasing or decreasing. Question 3. Poverty declined substantially in China as a result of rapid economic growth and massive investments in human resource development. Answer: Question 2. A poverty line is an indicator of poverty, z’.e., it is a level of income which barely meets sustenance. The poor families are provided BPL (Below Poverty Line) ration cards which entitles them to a higher quantity of grains at a very low price or sometimes free of cost. Question 4. Urban casual labour households . Answer: Question 2. (ii) In urban areas India—poverty. There is need to check high birth rate. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) 2005 was passed in September 2005. The high birth rate leads to a mismatch between resources and population. Explain. Check the below NCERT MCQ Questions for Class 9 Economics Chapter 3 Poverty as a Challenge with Answers Pdf free download. Each country uses an imaginary line that is considered appropriate for its existing level of development and its accepted minimum social norms. Answer: The low rate of growth persisted until the nineteen eighties. Question 15. Answer: Question 5. The class 9 syllabus of social science entails a very informative chapter called Poverty as a Challenge. [CBSE 2014] (iii) Why calorie requirement is higher in the rural areas? (ii) 30 per cent. In 2014, 49.9% of the population aged 15 years and above were employed. Poverty trends in India and the world are illustrated through the concept of the poverty line. (NSSO). Therefore, women, children (especially the girl child) and old people are the poorest of the poor. Q13. Answer: Poverty line is an indicator of poverty, i.e., it is a level of income which barely meets sustenance. It is implemented as a 100 per cent centrally sponsored scheme, and food grains are provided free of cost to the states. The class 9 syllabus of social science entails a very informative chapter called Poverty as a Challenge. Discuss the major reasons for poverty in India. Study the given figure carefully, and answer the following questions: The accepted average of calories requirement in India is 2400 calories per person per day in rural areas and 2100 calories in urban areas. 2020 Federal Poverty Guidelines Chart . The poverty rate for people aged 65 and older decreased by 0.9 percentage points, from 9.7 percent to 8.9 percent (Figure 8 and Table B-1). The poverty line is estimated periodically by conducting sample surveys. What is Poverty Line? Get here are the solutions, questions, answers, and notes of chapter 18: POVERTY which is a part of social science class 9 syllabus of students studying under the Nagaland Board of School Education. Mass poverty is a situation in which a large section of people in economy are deprived of the basic necessities. Similarly, state governments will establish State Employment Guarantee Funds for implementation of the scheme. Official poverty estimates which were about 45 per cent in the early 1950s remained the same even in the early eighties. Question 2. Question 13. What is mass poverty? Question 5. [CBSE 2015] Direct approach: Under direct approach government has launched various poverty alleviation programmes and food schemes to target the poor directly. Describe the current government strategy to remove poverty in India. The central government will also establish National Employment Guarantee Funds. Answer: Question 4. Answer: All those persons who live on less than $1.25 per day are considered living below poverty … According to 2018 Census figures, more than 38.1 million people in the U.S. lived below the poverty line, which was 1.4 million fewer people than in 2017. Answer: While determining the poverty line in India, a minimum level of food requirement, clothing, footwear, fuel and light educational and medical requirement etc are determined for subsistence. Answer: The programme is open to all rural poor, who are in need of wage employment, and desire to do manual unskilled work. (ii) What is an average Indian poverty ratio? 1. Class-9 » Social Science ... the world bank has made a poverty line for the whole world ... this poverty line is called international poverty line.. it is $1 per person per day.. this is the minimum wage of a person. Poverty line is usually defined on the basis of income or consumption. (i) Prime Minister Rozgar Yozana (PMRY). 6. Answer: Question 1. So BPL (Below Poverty Line) is a line which demarcate the people, who are living below the poverty from those, who are living above the poverty line. Due to shortage of inputs, our agriculture is backward. A common method used to measure poverty is based on the income or consumption level. (ii) Name the regions/countries where poverty has decreased (any two). reduced through land reform measures. Lack of job opportunities in the secondary sector. (iii) What are the main features of the National Rural Employ¬ment Guarantee Act, 2005? (i) In rural areas Rural Employment Generation Programme. [CBSE 2015] Question 10. Name any four countries which have high percentage of population living below poverty. For a household of five members the poverty line has been fixed at an annual income of Rs. In rupees, the poverty line is the mid-point of the expenditure class in which the calorie needs are satisfied. 6.9% of the population still lives below the national poverty line and 3% in extreme poverty (December 2018)[ The World Poverty Clock shows real-time poverty trends in India, which are based on the latest data, of the World Bank, among others. There has been a lot of overlapping of schemes. Explain any three major reasons for a widespread poverty in India. What is it? ‘The current anti- poverty strategy of the government is based broadly on two planks’. Describe the poverty trends in India since 1973. Dec 21, 2020 - Chapter Notes - Poverty as a Challenge, Economics, Class 9 | EduRev Notes is made by best teachers of Class 9. (ii) Who are the poorest of the poor? Source: Economic Survey 2001-02, Ministry of Finance, Government of India. Answer: Along with food it also includes other necessities of life like education, shelter, health care, job, security, social equality, etc. It also means lack of regular job at a minimum decent level. It is high in the rural areas because of more physical work done by the rural people. (iii) Poverty in South Asia is decreasing. Under this unemployed are helped in setting up small business and industries. (ii) Kerala: Poverty has been reduced through human resource development. 9. The World Bank standard of poverty line states that all people living under $1 per day live in poverty. ... and around 16 crore families are benefitting from them. When is a person considered poor? In India, the poverty line is determined through a minimum level of food requirement, clothing, footwear, fuel and light, educational and medical requirement, etc.. The growth rate jumped from the average of about 3.5% a year in the 1970s to about 6 % cent during the 1980s and 1990s. Poverty rates decreased 1.2 percentage points for people aged 18 to 64, from 10.7 percent to 9.4 percent. 181.50 and Rs. Give an account of the inter-state disparities in poverty in India. India—poverty. [CBSE March 2011,12] (a) $1 Question 10. Increasing stress on universal free elementary education will help in the formation of human capital. The aim of the programme is to create self-employment opportunities for educated unemployed youth in rural areas and small towns. In developed countries, where there is advanced standard of living and welfare concepts, poverty line is high as basic standard to live include higher consumption requirements and accessibility to many goods and services. (iii) Name any two economic groups which are highly vulnerable to poverty. Related questions 0 votes. Later, the scheme will be extended to 600 districts. Unemployment: Due to lack of job opportunities, more than 90 lakhs of our total working force is unemployed. Poverty when looked through other social indicators like illiteracy level, lack of general resistance due to malnutrition, lack of access to healthcare, lack of job opportunities, lack of access to safe drinking water, sanitation etc. The higher growth rates have helped significantly in the reduction of poverty. ‘The results of poverty alleviation programmes have been mixed.’ Give any four reasons. The HHS Department issues poverty guidelines for each household size. The accepted average calorie requirement in India is 2400 calories pe… Question 2. In India, the concept of Poverty line is used as a measure of absolute poverty. Poor It is person which lacks the financial resources and essential things to enjoy. Class 9 Social Science Poverty and Hunger Textual Questions and Answers. Causes of poverty as well as anti-poverty measures taken by the government are also discussed. How is the poverty line estimated periodically? Define poverty with contest to World Bank. (i) Identify the three states where the poverty ratio is the highest. Poverty has many faces, changing from place to place and across time, and has been described in many ways. On this basis, the cutoff point turns out to be Rs. Question 7. Describe poverty trends in India since 1973. (i) 2400 calories Social groups which are most vulnerable to poverty : Scheduled caste and scheduled tribes. Answer: Question 11. 9. (iv) Tamil Nadu Name any four countries which have high percentage of population living below poverty. Answer: A person is considered poor if his or … A target for creating 25 lakhs new jobs has been set for the programme under the Tenth Five Year plan. Answer: Inequality with in family: Apart from these social groups, there is also inequality of incomes within a family. Answer: The line shows that the average poverty gap rate was 31.8% in 2015, and stayed exactly the same in 2016 at 31.8%. 2020 Federal Poverty Guidelines Chart . Question 1. Answer: Question 6. (i) Scheduled tribes arid Scheduled castes. The World Bank standard of poverty line states that all people living under $1 per day live in poverty. Poverty also means lack of clean water and sanitation facilities. (ii) Identify the three states where poverty ratio is the lowest. Women, elderly people and female infants are systematically denied equal access to resources available to the family. The higher economic growth rate is expected to provide to more economic opportunities. Most often, poverty is a situation people want to escape. Question 9. The poverty ratio in these states is much higher than the national average. Those races which have greater height and build require higher calories. For example, the poverty level for a household of four in 2020 is an annual income of $26,200. There has been a significant decline in poverty ratio in Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and West Bengal. The aim of the programme is to create self-employment opportunities in rural areas and small towns. We have Provided Poverty as a Challenge Class 9 Economics MCQs Questions with Answers to help students understand the concept very well. •260 million or 26 crore people in India are poor. Poverty is not having a job, is fear for the future, living one day at a time. For example, the poverty level for a household of four in 2020 is an annual income of $26,200. What is the basic aim of following poverty alleviation programmes? “The proportion of people below poverty line is also not same for all social groups and economic categories in India.” Explain. By using the new methodology, Malaysia’s absolute poverty rate would be recorded as improving from 7.61 per cent in 2016 to 5.6 per cent in 2019. More than 56% of rural population was living below poverty in 1973 which has come down to 34%. The Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana. They are helped in setting up small business and industries. Economic growth widens opportunities and provides the resources needed to invest in human development. Name the Act through which a poor person can get 100 days assured employment. (iii) West Bengal Hardly 3 per cent of the total working population is engaged in the large- scale industry. Poverty declined substantially in China as a result of rapid economic growth and massive investments in human resource development. Question 3. According to the World Bank standard, the poverty ratio or percentage of population living below the poverty line in developing countries has come down from 28% in 1990 to 21% in 2001. Answer: Poverty line is an indicator of poverty, i.e., it is a level of income which barely meets sustenance. The poverty line fixed for the rural and urban areas in India according in the year 2012 was Rs 816 and Rs 1000 per person per month respectively. In: CLASS 9, Economics IX. Question 5. If the trend continues, people below poverty line may come down to less than 20 per cent in the next few years. “There is a strong link between economic growth and poverty reduction.” Explain. 2. 209.60 for rural and urban areas respectively at 1991-92 prices. Name any four poverty ridden states. •260 million or 26 crore people in India are poor. Suggest any four ways to reduce poverty in India. Answer: According to the World Bank, a person living on less than 1$ per day is considered to be living below the poverty line. The two combined to make the growth rate of per capita income very low. The act provides 100 days assured employment to every rural household in 200 districts. (iii) Why the states named by you in part (i) have a high poverty ratio? Absolute Poverty : It refers to the total number of people living below poverty line. They are helped in setting up small business and industries. Answer: Question 3. All those persons who live on less than $1.25 per day are considered living below poverty line. asked Aug 11, 2018 in Class IX Social Science by muskan15 (-3,443 points) poverty as a challenge +1 vote. As the cost of living increases, poverty lines increase too. Although the percentage of people living under poverty declined in the earlier two decades (1973-1993), the number of poor remained stable around 320 million for a fairly long period. Other Indicators of Poverty: Now poverty is looked through other social indicators like illiteracy level, … Poverty is a situation in which a person is unable to get the minimum basic necessities of life, i.e., food, clothing and shelter for his or her sustenance. (i) The scheme which was started in 1993. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act. As per the data, there has been a substantial decline … How vulnerability to poverty is determined ? What are the major features of poverty? This was accompanied by a high growth rate of population. How can poverty be reduced in future in India? Relative poverty : It refers to poverty of people in relation to other people, regions or nations. The aim of the programme is to create self-employment opportunities in rural areas and small towns. Over dependence on agri-culture: Even after more than 60 years of independence more than 60 per cent of our total population still depends on agriculture for its livelihood. Answer: was living below the poverty line, but in 2001, it was approximately 30 per cent. (iii) Due to lack of job opportunities and high density of population. Describe how the poverty line is estimated in India? Poverty ratio in India as compared to Pakistan is Poverty Line It is an imaginary line used by any country to determine its poverty. As per Planning Commission, minimum daily intake of calories for determining poverty line for rural area is (a) 2100 (b) 2400 (c) 1500 (d) none of the above. Question 1. Mention any two causes of poverty in India. This approach is also referred as trickle down effect. The aim of the programme is to create self-employment opportunities for educated unemployed youth in rural areas and small towns. The aim of the desired calorie requirement in India, Punjab and.. Give an account of the poor which are most vulnerable to poverty enjoy standards! Economics IX will also establish National employment Guarantee Funds households and the world are illustrated the! Small towns effectiveness is the basic necessities creating 25 lakh new jobs has been a decline! Is high in the reduction of poverty poverty line is used as a Challenge | Economics | 3! Poor, who are the poorest states with poverty ratio is the highest within. Measuring global poverty is estimated in India poverty is seen in social sciences consumes one... Poverty rates decreased 1.2 percentage points for people aged 18 to 64, from 10.7 percent to 9.4.... Scheme will be entitled to a mismatch between resources and essential things to enjoy s economic and! Weaker sections of society rural as well as anti-poverty measures taken by the government to remove poverty government has two. Want to escape Economics | chapter 3 | Class 9 social Science with to. Not below the poverty level for a household of Five members the poverty line changes from one country another! The social groups which are highly vulnerable to poverty of people living in extreme poverty and helps compare poverty between! Government has launched various poverty alleviation programmes and food grains are provided free of cost to the.. Current anti- poverty strategy of the scheme indirect approach: under direct approach government has launched poverty! These sectors will lead to rapid economic development under the British colonial administration. ’ Explain the. Similarly, state governments will establish state employment Guarantee Act, 2005 been reduced through human resource development more. Industry, promotion of small scale industry, promotion of economic growth and investments! Any four countries which have been mixed. ’ give any four countries which have been mixed. ’ give four... To do manual unskilled work in 2009-10 job at a time in rupees the! 55 per cent in the early 1950s remained the same even in the country in along! India poverty is calculated on the basis of the programme under the Tenth Five year Plan section the! The calories and rupees fixed for rural areas and small towns in 1993 Answers were based.: Odisha, Bihar and Chattisgarh ) Apart from these social groups which are most vulnerable to poverty female are. Means lack of job opportunities and income, which would lead to rapid growth..., and food grains are provided free of cost to the total cost of all essential! 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