This essay was donated by a student and is likely to have been used and submitted before, Free samples may contain mistakes and not unique parts. She has been instrumental in establishing the Prelude Scholarship and Recognition Program, a partnership of Links, Ohio State, and the Columbus Public Schools to honor minority students. Not only was she the Head of the Home Economics Department, she also was a professor of psychology and home economics in Jefferson City, Missouri, South University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and in Bennett College in North Carolina. Dr. Alberta Banner Turner died in 2008. Alberta Banner Turner, not only an activist in the African American Movement, but she is also the 3rd African American Woman to earn a doctorate in Psychology in Ohio State University. FIRST5, Leave us your e-mail address andyou will get it in a few seconds, Use the Discount Now
She served as the fourth president of the National Jack and Jill of America Foundation in 1953. Our professional writers can rewrite it and get you a unique paper. As a graduate student, CHP Director David Baker had read Robert Guthries Even the Rat Was White: A Historical View of Psychology. Contents 1 Professional life 1.1 Education 1.2 Career 1.3 Community involvement 1.4 Recognition and awards 2 References 3 External links Professional life Share Share Tweet Share Share Psychology of women quarterly , 5 (1), 11-54. http://www.osu.edu/news/releases/99-08-24_Commencement_Honors_for_Five.html, http://www.feministvoices.com/alberta-banner-turner/, http://psychology.okstate.edu/museum/afroam/bio.html, http://en.paperblog.com/alberta-banner-turner-featured-for-archives-month-357431/, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alberta_Banner_Turner&oldid=1097344017, Ohio State University Graduate School alumni, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 10 July 2022, at 06:06. The legal and social efforts of these organizations in the 1930s and 1940s led to the abolishment of race-based admittance policies at restaurants and theatres in downtown Columbus. From 1972 to 1976 she served on the Ohio Criminal Justice Supervisory Commission, a group charged with overseeing the implementation of a Federal Omnibus Crime Bill Act in the state and thereby reducing crime and improving the criminal justice system. Let's fix your grades together! Following the completion of her doctoral degree, Turner took on a number of short-term appointments. Where do you want us to send this sample? Her dissertation was entitled, "The Effects of Practice on the Perception and Memorization of Digits Presented in Single Exposure.". Dr. Baker spent the afternoon with Dr. Turner and she shared many stories including those about her time as a graduate student in psychology during the 1930s. [5], In 1966, she was named one of the "Ten Women of the Year" by the Columbus Citizen-Journal. Jack and Jill Clubs to Meet at Columbus, Ohio (1947, April 05). During her time as a student at OSU, the dean of the graduate school, William McPherson, remarked that: "While Mrs. Turner is a colored woman, she was one of the most brilliant students we have ever had at the Ohio State University" (as quoted in Hoover, 1999, p. 04D). She earned the position of Supervising Psychologist at the Juvenile Diagnostic Center in 1953 and was promoted to Chief Psychologist in 1959. We found 5480 entries for John Turner in the United States. [5] In 1944 Turner returned to Ohio as a clinician at the Ohio Bureau of Juvenile Research (what is now known as the Ohio Department of Youth Services). Special offer for our client! After completing an undergraduate degree in home economics, Turner accepted a position as head of the department of home economics at Wilberforce University in Xenia, OH. Guthrie, R. V. (1976). All Rights Reserved. Her tireless efforts were not overlooked by the Ohio Psychological *ociation who in 2003 awarded Turner the Achievement Award for a Psychologist in the Public Interest. The motivating stories of Turner's lifelong accomplishments are well written about in articles ranging from Jet magazine to Psychology of Women Quarterly and in each and every instance Turner is righteously held out as role model and inspiration for today's youth. During her years with the commission, Turner specialized in research on and treatments for juvenile delinquents, including the operation of a mobile clinic. By clicking Continue, you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy. Turner was also active in African American social organizations. Home Essay Samples Life Biography The Biography of Alberta Banner Turner. . She was also active in African American social organisations, for example, she was the fourth president of the national Jack and Jill of America Foundation in 1953. This is not an example of the work written by professional essay writers. Friends and family noted in an online guestbook following her death that Turner was an avid ping-pong player and storyteller (Guestbook, 2008). By 1938, after graduating with her PhD from Ohio State University, she and several friends attempted to enter a local whites-only theater in Ohio (Columbus Palace, 1938; Columbus Citizens, 1938). From a very young age, Dr. Turner advocated equal rights for all until the time that she died. Alberta Banner Turner was born in Chicago on March 17, 1909. She also served on the National Advisory Council of Vocational Rehabilitation (Guthrie, 1976; Seagall, 2002; Gilligan, 1971; Five Receive, 1999). By continuing well assume you board with our cookie policy. The next two years were spent in Jefferson City, Mo., as both professor of psychology and head of the Lincoln University home economics department. She began working for the Ohio Youth Commission in 1963 and later served as the Director of Research, a position she held until her retirement. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing style below: By clicking Send, you agree to our Terms of service and Privacy statement. She first moved to North Carolina, where she served as head of the department of home economics at Winston-Salem College from 1935 to 1936. In 1944 Turner returned to Ohio as a clinician at the Ohio Bureau of Juvenile Research (what is now known as the Ohio Department of Youth Services). TURNER Dr. Alberta B. Turner, born, March 17, 1909, died on January 31, 2008. . This period of her life is also marked her diligent work as a clinical psychologist working with juveniles at Marysville Reformatory for Women (now known as Ohio Reformatory for Women). She then moved to Southern University in Baton Rouge, La., heading the school's home economics department from 1938 to 1939, at which time she returned to North Carolina. High School: HALIFAX . GradesFixer. She was the first black woman to do so. During this time, she also served as a consultant to the National Advisory Council on Vocational Rehabilitation. Dr. Turner had a significant love for the equal rights of African Americans. She then moved to Southern University in Baton Rouge, La., heading the school's home economics department from 1938 to 1939, at which time she returned to North Carolina. Her tireless efforts were not overlooked by the Ohio Psychological Association who in 2003 awarded Turner the Achievement Award for a Psychologist in the Public Interest. [8] The motivating stories of Turner's lifelong accomplishments are well written about in articles ranging from Jet magazine to Psychology of Women Quarterly and in each and every instance Turner is righteously held out as role model and inspiration for today's youth.[9]. During her tenure with the Ohio Youth Commission, Turner also served as a psychologist at the Marysville Reformatory for Women and taught courses at her alma mater, OSU. "If love is strong it will surmount any obstacles" Ohio State University professor says of inter-race unions. Turner also lectured on racial issues, including the issue of interracial marriage in the United States. First in her family to graduate high school, Alberta aimed for the stars and got degrees one after another. Psyched for success: At 92, Columbus woman still blazes trails. Preceded in death by her parents John Grant Turner and Ethel Alberta (Banner) Turner. Alberta Banner Turner was born on 17th of March, 1909, in a place called Chicago, Illinois (American Psychological Association, n.dat.). Shortly after her birth, the Banners moved to Columbus, Ohio. She served as Director of Research in the Central Administrative Office of the Ohio Youth Commission until her retirement in 1971. Alberta Banner Turner, PhD, was born March 17, 1909, in Chicago, to James and Mable Banner. She first moved to North Carolina, where she served as head of the Department of Home Economics at Winston-Salem College from 1935 to 1936. Alberta Banner Turner at Psychology's Feminist Voices. In 2003, she was honoured with the Ohio Psychological Association's Achievement Award for a Psychologist in the Public Interest. Profile: Alberta Banner Turner. Alberta Banner Turner, PhD, was bornMarch 17, 1909, in Chicago, to James and Mable Banner. She received her bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees all from the Ohio State University (OSU) in 1929, 1931 and 1935 respectively. She has been instrumental in establishing the Prelude Scholarship and Recognition Program, a partnership of Links, Ohio State, and the Columbus Public Schools to honor minority students. 2018 Sept 27 [cited 2023 Mar 4]. OPA. Columbus Palace Theater Bars Popular Race Couple (1938, May 21). According to Dr. Baker she was, vital and terrific.. You might be interested to know more about Alberta Banner Turner. Although none of its founding members are women, women soon make up one-third of the society's membership 1939 Meredith, F. D. (1946, Feb 23) If love is strong it will surmount and obstacle, Ohio State University professor says of inter-race relations. Historian. [6], Upon her return to Ohio, Turner grew very active in her research and during the 1950s she lectured at the Ohio State University in the areas of psychopathology and juvenile delinquency while continuing as a psychologist at what is now known as Ohio Department of Youth Services. Hoover, F. (1999, January 27). I was amazed to find . [ ] . She served as the fourth president of the National Jack and Jill of America Foundation in 1953. Watch. This page was last modified on 6 February 2023, at 06:34. Touch device users, explore . Not only did she fought for equal rights for the black community, but she also fought for the right to education for African American communities. In 1941 she was awarded a fellowship to Stephens College in Columbia, Missouri to study consumer education. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. She conducted consumer education courses for soldiers and their wives on such issues as black investment markets, credit unions, and insurance (Consumer, 1943; Poindexter, 1943). In 1935, Alberta Banner Turner (1909-2008) became the first African American woman to earn a PhD in psychology from the Ohio State University. She remained as a clinician for the remainder of her career. In 1938, Turner attempted to purchase movie tickets at the white-only Palace Theatre in Columbus, OH, in protest of the theatre's discriminatory practices. We use cookies to personalyze your web-site experience. During this time, she completed a master's degree in education from OSU by taking courses during the summer months. Awarded a fellowship to Stephens College in Columbia, Missouri for study at the school's institute of consumer education. She was the first black woman to do so. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Your email address will not be published. Alberta Banner turner was born on March 17, 1909 in Chicago, to James and Mable Banner. The Distinguished Service Award was established by the Board of Trustees in 1952 to recognize individuals who have rendered exceptional service to the university. Shortly after graduating, Turner and other students tried to go into a "whites-only" movie theatre, from which they were denied access and took legal action against the manager. Turner approached life the way she played ping-pong - with adept skill, a relentless passion and good humor (Guestbook, 2008, p. 2). On Riddlestab, She is one of the successful Psychologist. She has ranked on the list of famous people who were born on March 17, 1909 . Turner was technically the third black woman to receive a doctorate in psychology from a U.S. institution (Ohio State, 1937). Indeed she had been active in the civil rights struggle at the local level since her high school days. Alberta Banner Turner On March 17, 1909 Mable and James Banner had a child named Alberta Banner Turner. The legal and social efforts of these organizations in the 1930s and 1940s led to the abolishment of race-based admittance policies at restaurants and theatres in downtown Columbus. Turner was married to John G. Turner, with whom she had a son and a daughter. I read the book "Even The Rat Was White" and ran across the name Dr. Alberta Banner Turner. In psychology today, when we often find ourselves discussing the complexities of intersectionality, application vs. science, and advocacy vs. scholarship; it seems particularly important that we take notice and better attempt to understand the lives and contributions of psychologists like Alberta Banner Turner. Who can be a better inspiration than the king of the ring Dwayne Johnson. Vaughn, K. (2011). Turner attended the city's public schools, graduating from East High School in 1925. Turner was a dedicated OSU student and Alpha Kappa Alpha alumni; she earned her bachelor's degree in 1929 and a master's degree in education in 1931 from the university. [2], Turner was a fierce advocate for civil rights for African Americans. She was the first member of her family to earn a high school diploma. She was the national program director for The Links organization and founding president of its Columbus chapter (1950). During this time, she also served as a consultant to the National Advisory Council on Vocational Rehabilitation. Alberta Banner Turner (March 17, 1909 - January 31, 2008) was an African American professor and psychologist, and a noted civil rights and women's rights activist in the field of psychology. In 1966, she was named one of the "Ten Women of the Year" by the Columbus Citizen-Journal. Retrieved Jan. 5, 2015, from http://www.feministvoices.com/alberta-banner-turner/, Advancing psychology to benefit society and improve lives, About the Ethnicity, Race, and Cultural Affairs Portfolio, Committee on Ethnic Minority Affairs (CEMA), Contact the Ethnicity, Race, and Cultural Affairs Portfolio. She is one of the Richest Psychologist who was born in United States. Alberta B. Turner. We can write you a custom essay that will follow your exact instructions and meet the deadlines. Drawn heavily from primary sources, Warren's original reference guide includes biographies of more than 100 Black women scientists in fields from anatomy and . pp. George Michael Cohan who was a singer, dancer, songwriter, producer, lyricist, actor, playwright, composer, or just an American [], Thomas Jonathan Jackson was born on the 21st of January, 1824. Shortly after graduating, Turner and other students tried to go into a "whites-only" movie theatre, from which they were denied access and took legal action against the manager. Retrieved; 15 February 2011 from: African American Pioneers in Psychology: Brief Biographies. Take a look at the photo in the bottom left-hand corneryou might recognize those faces! 2. In her personal life she raised two children, a son John and a daughter Kay and maintained a marriage of 50+ years. Gone Girl. km, Alberta is the 6 th largest and the 4 th most populous Canadian province. Even the rat was white: A historical view of psychology. Alberta Banner Turner Featured for Archives Month. (1943, March 13). The Feminist Psychologist, 38(1). Vintage Black. She then enrolled in Ohio State University (OSU), from which she went on to earn not only her bachelor's degree in 1929, but also a Master's degree and a doctoral degree, in 1931 and 1935 respectively. Today. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. For example, when she was 16, she attended a whites only prom. For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for Alberta Banner Turner. Incidentally, Turner also has ties to the CHP! Cheryl Adair Wilkins. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. The poster features historical images from archives around the state. As Guthrie noted, Turner worked for the Ohio Bureau of Juvenile Affairs/Ohio Youth Commission for over 27 years. The history and visions of African American psychology: Multiple pathways to place, space, and authority. How to say Alberta Banner Turner in English? Mrs. Alberta Banner Turner retired in 1971. She began as a clinician and retired as the director of research. Turner continued to work with Renshaw for her doctoral studies. Those women of the past who, like Turner, offer examples of the ways in which we can be both scholar and activist - but perhaps most importantly, true advocates for equality within our workplaces and communities - are powerful examples indeed. Turner then became the founding president of the Columbus chapter and the first national program director of The Links Inc., which has 10,000 members nationwide. In 1963 Turner was promoted to the Central Administrative Office of the Ohio Youth Commission and became the director of research for the Ohio Youth Commission, while continuing her work at the Ohio State University and the Ohio Reformatory for Women. Her dissertation was entitled, The Effects of Practice on the Perception and Memorization of Digits Presented in Single Exposure. She served as the head of Bennett College for Women's home economics department until 1942. The Columbus dispatch. Links also has funded an endowed scholarship at Ohio State to support minority students. Carefully! First black woman to be. During high school, she attended a "whites-only" prom to challenge the discrimination against Black students. At the age of 16, she attempted to challenge racial segregation by participating in a whites-only prom. During her stay in Missouri, she was the first black woman to be awarded a fellowship to Stephens College for studying consumer education in the schools institute. So let's get started. Ohio Bureau of Juvenile Research (1944-1963). She was an African American woman that would make great strides in both her career and in her family. Turner also lectured on racial issues, including the issue of interracial marriage in the United States. They were refused entry. Join our Google Group to keep up with Psychologist Spotlights news and interact with our community. A Homemade Education. Ohio State News. Pinterest. (Jan. 1, 2012). Cleveland Call and Post 1-B, Five receive special commencement honors at Ohio State. J. Henry Alston was the first African American to publish his research findings on the perception of heat and cold in a major US psychology journal. Throughout her life Turner experienced race-based discrimination and fought for equal rights. Professional life [ edit] Education [ edit] Turner attended Ohio State University, in Columbus, Ohio, for all 3 of her college degrees. Alberta Banner Turner. Places Lived: Lawrenceville VA, Alberta VA. Work: Interntnal Chrstn Educatn Association - Secretary, - Hustla. Turner's rigorous activities included her role with the Criminal Justice Supervisory Commission from 1972 to 1976. It is over sixty years the cold hands of death snatched him away yet his memories still lingers and Hollywood [], American singer cum actor, Aaron Tveit, on several occasions, has been described by fans as the star of the Broadway stage. It is for her battle for equal rights that Turner wished to be remembered. Retrieved February 16, 2011, from Ohio Psychological Association: Buskist, William & Davis, Stephen (2008). Columbus Citizens Fight for Civil Rights (1938, June 27). Home News Random Article Install Wikiwand Send a suggestion Uninstall Wikiwand She was the first member of her family to earn a high school diploma. Shortly after her birth, the Banners moved to Columbus, Ohio. In 1966, she was named one of the "Ten Women of the Year" by the Columbus Citizen-Journal. Turner also lectured racial issues, including the issue of inter-racial marriage in the United States, about which she ultimately concluded: "if love is strong it will surmount any obstacle" (Meredith, 1946, p. 12B). Even though Mrs. Turner was retired, she was still active. Alberta Banner Turner was the first African American to receive a doctorate in psychology from Ohio State, receiving her Ph.D. in 1935. Later on following graduating, she attended Ohio State University. Are you interested in getting a customized paper? [4], Turner became the head of the home economics department at what was then known as Winston-Salem College in North Carolina from 1935 through 1936 before moving on to become the chair of the Home Economics Division at Lincoln University in Missouri from 1936 through 1937; from 1938 to 1939 head of the Department of Home Economics at Southern University in Louisiana; 1939 head of the home economics department at Bennett College for Women in North Carolina. Required fields are marked *. I Will Use It Later. Retrieved from http://www.osu.edu/news/releases/99-08 24_Commencement _Honors_for _Five.html. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 15. Both of my grandparents are deceased. During her high school days, Alberta Banner Turner fought for her rights. Her lectures on race and interracial marriage in the United States give Dr. Turner a lasting memory after her passing in 2008. Click to order with. She was the first member of her family to earn a high school diploma. Her masters work was supervised by experimental psychologist Samuel Renshaw. When he was eight, his father died and he and his kin were raised by his [], Thomas Greene Wiggins was born May 25, 1849, to Mungo and Charity Wiggins, slaves on a Georgia plantation. She has been a strong advocate for racial, civil and religious rights and has worked tirelessly to ensure them for others". Today Dwayne The Rock Johnson has reached those [], James Dean is one Hollywood actor that time has not been able to erase his face and memories from the hearts of many. Click to order with 5% discount:
Manage Settings https://www.apa.org/pi/oema/resources/ethnicity-health/psychologists/turner.aspx. . The Columbus Dispatch, pp. 1946 Became a professor of psychology at Morgan State College in Maryland. Alberta B. Turner. Turner became the head of the home economics department at what was then known as Winston-Salem College in North Carolina from 1935 through 1936 before moving on to become the chair of the Home Economics Division at Lincoln University in Missouri from 1936 through 1937; from 1938 to 1939 head of the Department of Home Economics at Southern University in Louisiana; 1939 head of the home economics department at Bennett College for Women in North Carolina. For a number of years she was also a member of the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago and the National Advisory Council for Vocational Rehabilition. Alberta Banner Turner.docx. Turner attended Ohio State University, in Columbus, Ohio, for all 3 of her college degrees. He was blind and autistic but a musical genius with a phenomenal memory. Turner is credited as being the third black women to each a doctorate in psychology in the United States, after Inez Prosser, and Ruth Howard. Turner was a fierce advocate for civil rights for African Americans. Upon her return to Ohio, Turner grew very active in her research and during the 1950s she lectured at the Ohio State University in the areas of psychopathology and juvenile delinquency while continuing as a psychologist at what is now known as Ohio Department of Youth Services. Alberta Banner Turner earns her PhD from Ohio State University 1936 The Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (SPSSI) is founded. Alberta Banner Turner (March 17, 1909 - January 31, 2008) was an African American woman who received her doctorate in psychology from the Ohio State University, and a noted civil rights and women's rights activist in the field of psychology. She earned her Bachelor degree in 1929, her Masters degree in 1931, and her Doctorate degree in 1935. Consumer education group studies credit unions (1943, May 18). If you continue to use this website without changing your cookie settings or you click "Accept" below then you are consenting to this. She was also the first in her family to complete high school and college. A snapshot of her professional history was included in Robert Val Guthries seminal work Even the Rat was White (1976) on the history of black psychologists. In her 98 years of life she consistently worked towards greater racial equality, support for future generations of African-Americans, and reform for adolescents. While being head of the department, she was completing a degree in education form Ohio State University. Turner then became the founding president of the Columbus chapter and the first national program director of The Links Inc., which has 10,000 members nationwide. James Dean - a Cultural Icon of Teenage Disillusionment and Social Estrangement Essay, All Facts About American Actor Aaron Tveit Essay, George M. Cohan, Congressional Medal of Honor Essay, The Biography of Thomas Jonathan Jackson Essay, The Biography of Bodoni Giambattista Essay. [2] Turner then received her Ph.D. in 1935 for her dissertation entitled: "The Effect of Practice on the Perception and Memorization of Digits Presented in Single Exposures. By the 1940s, Turner had broadened her advocacy to include education for the African- American community. She served as the fourth president of the National Jack and Jill of America Foundation in 1953 and as national program director for Links, Inc. After her retirement, Turner did not remain idle. An adaptation of Jon Krakauer's 2003 nonfiction book Under the Banner of Heaven will shoot in the Calgary area this summer, according to the Director's Guild of Canada. Leather Skirt. Born on March 17, 1909 in Chicago, Illinois, Alberta Banner Turner was the first member to earn a highschool degree in her family from her public school. During her time at the Ohio Board of Juvenile Research and the Ohio Youth Commission Dr. Turner also taught classes at OSU and worked as a psychologist for the Ohio Reformatory for Women. Montgomery. Her husband John passed in 1992 and her daughter Kay passed only 10 months after Turner. In 1850 Tom, his parents, and two brothers were [], My report is on George M. Cohan, the congressional medal of honor, and his impact on WW1. S Man. Born on March 17, 1909 in Chicago, Illinois, Alberta Banner Turner was the initial member to earn a highschool degree in her family members from her public school. Turner became the head of the home economics department at what was then known as Winston-Salem College in North Carolina from 1935 through 1936 before moving on to become the chair of the Home Economics Division at Lincoln University in Missouri from 1936 through 1937; from 1938 to 1939 head of the Department of Home Economics at Southern University in Louisiana; 1939 head of the home economics department at Bennett College for Women in North Carolina. How many kids did she have? http://www.osu.edu/news/releases/99-08 24_Commencement _Honors_for _Five.html, http://www.legacy.com/guestbook/ dispatch/guestbook.aspx?n=alberta-turner&pid=102341560&cid=full. This period of her life is also marked her diligent work as a clinical psychologist working with juveniles at Marysville Reformatory for Women (now known as Ohio Reformatory for Women). During this time she completed a Master's degree in education from OSU by taking courses during the summer months. The cookie settings on this website are set to "allow cookies" to give you the best browsing experience possible. The guild lists Under the. Even the rat was white: A historical view of psychology. She also served as a cosmetics director at Mary Kay for a time. She was also among the first cohort of African American women to be awarded a PhD in psychology in all of North America. 35 for permission to reproduce any of this web content. 2022 APA Div. Black And White Photography. My grandmother died when i was 4 years of age, at the age of 65 [], Khun Srun was a vital Cambodian writer. 1943-1945 Social science analyst with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Shortly after graduating, Turner and other students tried to go into a "whites-only" movie theatre, from which they were denied access and took legal action against the manager. TDD/TTY: (202) 336-6123 On Popular Bio, She is one of the successful Psychologist. Inez Beverly Prosser and the education of African Americans. Guestbook (2008). Within the Ohio Bureau of Juvenile Research she was promoted first to clinical psychologist, then supervising psychologist, and finally to the bureau's chief psychologist. Five receive special commencement honors at Ohio State, Columbus. Benjamin, L. T., Henry, K. D., & Mcmahon, L. R. (2005). 1939) Florene Young (1901-94) Instructions to Authors Submissions that feature the lives and careers of women from traditionally underrepresented groups, especially ethnic minority women, are especially encouraged. She has ranked on the list of those famous people who were born on March 17, 1909. During all these times, she was lecturing on consumer issues in summer. She fought against such injustices through her participation in the Vanguard League as well as other civil rights groups. These women, and numerous others, forged rewarding careers despite the constant discrimination and lower pay they experienced as women of color.