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Ferdinand resisted signing until the last possible moment, doing so on 24 October only after a crushing French victory over Spain at Lens, and with Swedish troops on the verge of taking Prague. Anti-Imperial alliance: prior to 1635 [a]. In the second phase, fighting in Germany became part of a wider European struggle, with Sweden and France on one side, the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs on the other. [82] After the French captured Arras in August 1640 and over-ran Artois, Olivares argued it was time to accept Dutch independence and prevent further losses in Flanders. [77] Banér defeated the Saxons at Chemnitz in April 1639, then entered Bohemia in May. That begs the question why they were so mad? This was known as The Defenestration. Bavarian general Johann von Werth declared his loyalty to the Emperor and refused to comply with the truce, forcing Maximilian to do the same. The chief agents of the Counter-Reformation were similarly split, the Jesuits generally backing Austria, the Capuchins France. They offered the Crown to the Protestant Frederick V of the Palatinate, who accepted, but most German princes refused to support him, and by early 1620 the Bohemian Revolt had been suppressed. Why was Germany Europe's highway? While Spain remained the dominant power in Italy, its reliance on long exterior lines of communication was a potential weakness, especially the Spanish Road; this overland route allowed them to move recruits and supplies from Naples and Lombardy to their army in Flanders. Especially since its Lutheran leader, Christian IV, was also a duke of the Holy Roman Empire. [130] The financial impact is less clear; while the war caused short-term economic dislocation, overall it accelerated existing changes in trading patterns. 1618.The Thirty Years' War was fought primarily in the region that is now Germany, from 1618 to1648.The thirty years' war began in The Holy Roman Empire The Thirty Years’ War was a series of wars between various Protestant and... Bohemian Period. The war started in 1618 and ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. It started as a conflict between Protestants and Roman Catholics but soon became a struggle for political power. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. This meant each of the 224 member states was either Lutheran, the most usual form of Protestantism, or Catholic, based on the choice made by their ruler. One of the most prosperous areas of the Empire, Bohemia's electoral vote was also essential to ensuring Ferdinand succeeded Matthias as Emperor, and Habsburg prestige required its recapture. By the time he died in 1631, over 900 people from all levels of society had been executed. [16] Related conflicts include the Eighty Years War, the War of the Mantuan Succession, the Franco-Spanish War, and the Portuguese Restoration War. [113], Taken as a whole, the consequences of these two treaties can be divided into the internal political settlement and external territorial changes. The Peace of Augsburg (1555), the Holy Roman Empire’s first attempt at working … That is a phrase that is usually used to describe many conflicts in the 17th century, but it has become adapted to describe what brings together the war of 1914 – 1918, on the one side, and the war of 1939 – 1945, on the other. For history of the period see World War I, World War II, etc.. One of the causes of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) was the growing religious and political tension between Roman Catholics and Protestant Christians. The Thirty Years' War (German: Dreißigjähriger Krieg, pronounced [ˈdʁaɪ̯sɪçˌjɛːʁɪɡɐ kʁiːk] ()) was a conflict fought in modern Germany and Central Europe from 1618 to 1648. The conflict began after Protestants rebelled against Catholic Ferdinand II of Bohemia. He concluded "about 40% of the rural population fell victim to the war and epidemics; in the cities,...33%". [63], Using Stralsund as a bridgehead, in June 1630 nearly 18,000 Swedish troops landed in the Duchy of Pomerania. [83], Despite the death of Bernhard, over the next two years the Franco-Swedish alliance won a series of battles in Germany, including Wolfenbüttel in June 1641 and Kempen in January 1642. What began the war? Start studying World History - Chapter 15.5 - The Thirty-Years' War. 0. (history documentary)", "The 30 Years' War (1618–48) and the Second Defenestration of Prague – Professor Peter Wilson", Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution, Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary, Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart, Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII, Pope Pius XII Consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, International Alliance of Catholic Knights, Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America, Architecture of cathedrals and great churches, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thirty_Years%27_War&oldid=1008423919, 17th-century military history of the Kingdom of England, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with KULTURNAV identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, The Thirty Years' War is briefly referenced in the survival horror game. [30], Another was Frederick V, Elector Palatine, who succeeded his father in 1610, and in 1613 married Elizabeth Stuart, daughter of James I of England. In 1621, the Dutch West India Company was formed to challenge this control and captured the Brazilian port of Salvador in 1624. With the exception of the 1639 to 1642 Piedmontese Civil War, this secured the French position in Northern Italy for the next twenty years. Please get your data right. In late August, Gustavus incurred heavy losses in an unsuccessful assault on the town, arguably the greatest blunder in his German campaign. Vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and it was in this quiz a page... It is said to have lasted from 1337 to 1453, but was. Own policies, while Sweden gained a permanent foothold in the why did the thirty years war start seventeenth century the proclaimed... Failed to end Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria to exclusive content was less decisive than assumed! 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