Testimony-rising health care costs: implications for health and financial security of U.S. families. Related Topic: Medical Ethics Catalog of Topics. 1 Figures are calculated by the author using figures published in the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHWL)s 2017 Key Statistics in Health Care. It is funded primarily by taxes and individual contributions. Collaborating and networking to advocate for patients and the medical profession. Arai H, Ouchi Y, Yokode M, Ito H, Uematsu H, Eto F, Oshima S, Ota K, Saito Y, Sasaki H, Tsubota K, Fukuyama H, Honda Y, Iguchi A, Toba K, Hosoi T, Kita T; Members of Subcommittee for Aging. consistency as to what the insurance will or will not cover regarding prescription drugs. http://www.ipss.go.jp/s-info/e/ssj2014/index.asp, http://www.jpma.or.jp/english/parj/pdf/2015.pdf, http://www.jili.or.jp/research/report/pdf/FY2013_Survey_on_Life_Protection_(Quick_Report_Version).pdf, http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/koutou/shinkou/07021403/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2017/12/26/1399613_03.pdf, http://www.nichiyaku.or.jp/e/data/anuual_report2014e.pdf, http://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/06-Seisakujouhou-10900000-Kenkoukyoku/0000047330.pdf, http://www.mlit.go.jp/common/001083368.pdf, employment-based plans, which cover about 59 percent of the population. This article shows that the government has achieved a degree of success in terms of containing pharmaceutical costs, but that future effects on the quality of healthcare are uncertain. expenses. Vdf:wtwn];wHf@"V3yv82`t:8 *?d qd8h8a}[fU]yY? A viewpoint. By contrast, price regulation for all services and prescribed drugs seems a critical cost-containment mechanism. one quarter of adults in the United States have medical debt (The Commonwealth Fund, 2008). bDZ,q LR#0H>O,:I X,-K8M"c`LCY@u9Pvc; endstream endobj 179 0 obj<> endobj 180 0 obj<> endobj 181 0 obj<>stream There is no Electronic health record networks have been developed only as experiments in selected areas. For low-income people age 65 and older, the coinsurance rate is reduced to 10 percent. HSn0+x$h(I The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). benefits, to be insured. In addition, the national government has been promoting the idea of selecting preferred physicians. 0000000016 00000 n Japan's health insurance system is considered "universal," since it covers everyone in the country, but it is hardly "free" in the sense of having the government pay for everything with . hospital stays, active care coordination, in home care, and ensuring safe use of pharmaceuticals The author would like to acknowledge David Squires as a contributing author to earlier versions of this profile. Co-payments can range anywhere from 10% to 30% based on income with young children and the elderly having the lowest copayment (The Commonwealth Fund, 2020). 0000003790 00000 n ; how are the patients financially impacted). This new feature enables different reading modes for our document viewer. Enrollees in employment-based plans who are on parental leave are exempt from paying monthly mandatory salary contributions. The premiums are usually split between employer and employee and are tax exempt. National and local government facilitate mandatory third-party evaluations of welfare institutions, including nursing homes and group homes for people with dementia, to improve care. There are no deductibles, but SHIS enrollees pay coinsurance and copayments. insurance plans in the United States typically require a referral from the citizens primary care coverage is dependent of the specific formulary that your insurance plans have agreed upon with xref home care services provided by medical institutions. can range anywhere from 10% to 30% based on income with young children and the elderly Part A is usually free to citizens that worked in the United States and paid payroll taxes. The Continuous Care Fees program pays physicians monthly payments for providing continuous care (including referrals to other providers, if necessary) to outpatients with chronic disease. AMA SPS member Mary K. McCarthy, MD, discusses the activities and efforts of the Committee on Senior Physicians at the Oregon Medical Association. International Commonwealth Fund. In Japan a citizen cannot be denied access to healthcare because of a preexisting condition. Your coverage is dependent of the specific formulary that your insurance plans have agreed upon with drug companies. LF3SE"qw~bDs? Patient information from after-hours clinics is provided to family physicians, if necessary. Role of the Sponsor: The Grove Health Cooperative and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality played no role in the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript. Public reporting on physician performance is voluntary. Durable medical equipment prescribed by physicians (such as oxygen therapy equipment) is covered by SHIS plans. Find out more about financing ethics on the AMA. Optometry services provided by nonphysicians also are not covered. Public reporting on the performance of hospitals and nursing homes is not obligatory, but the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare organizes and financially promotes a voluntary benchmarking project in which hospitals report quality indicators on their websites. 17 MHLS, 2017, Annual Health, Labour and Welfare Report 2017 (provisional English translated edition), https://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/wp/wp-hw11/dl/02e.pdf; accessed July 15, 2018. The goal of the Reimagining Residency grant program is to transform residency training to best address the workplace needs of our current and future health care system. 9 Japan External Trade Organization, Investing in Japan, 2018, https://www.jetro.go.jp/en/invest/setting_up/section4/page9.html; accessed July 23, 2018. In the early years of the next century, the Japanese population may well become the oldest in the world. Services that are covered include hospital care, ambulatory care, prescription drugs, MH services, preventative medicine and dental care. Organizational Systems and Quality Leadership, Task 3, SAT1-0517/ Health Aff (Millwood). Explore reports on this topic from the Council on Medical Education presented during the AMA Interim and Annual Meetings. Fee schedules are analyzed every year by the government and in order to meet spending targets and highly profitable categories of care see reductions as needed (The Commonwealth Fund, 2020). Benefits include hospital, primary, specialty, and mental health care, as well as prescription drugs. more for coverage for a preexisting condition (The Commonwealth Fund, 2020). PMC provider. If the request is denied completely by insurance, it can usually be appealed. Before %PDF-1.4 % In this paper I will discuss and compare the United States healthcare system with that of Japans. General tax revenue; mandatory individual insurance contributions. xb```"VV+af`0ptO@'0:0`-`=0h 06i a$-ya}A$PaJc s1k _'w8W0`Ha1aEGGG+^t N@)'!d/I'z`E\>:IMH_}(v$!c% zCX) `h```t"4 :D`,\ ^Aa6C3&M eMc-'\8!L c. = Contributions Japan could make to healthcare policymaking in other countries. 167 0 obj <> endobj Physicians working at medium-sized and large hospitals, in both inpatient and outpatient settings, earned on average JPY 1,514,000 (USD 15,140) a month in 2017.20. 31 The Cabinet, Growth Strategy 2017, 2017 (in Japanese); a summary of the document in English is available at http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/singi/keizaisaisei/pdf/miraitousi2017_summary.pdf. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. 0000010761 00000 n International healthcare system profiles Japan. Reduced coinsurance rates apply to patients with one of the 306 designated long-term diseases if they use designated health care providers. startxref 3 National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, Social Security in Japan 2014 (Tokyo: NIPSSR), http://www.ipss.go.jp/s-info/e/ssj2014/index.asp. Each month, the Senior Physician Sectionhighlights membersand individualsto showcase their work and current efforts. In contrast the United. Total over six years: JPY 3.5 million (USD 35,000) at public schools; JPY 2045 million (USD 200,000450,000) at private schools. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Health disparities between regions are regularly reported by the national government; disparities between socioeconomic groups and in health care access have been occasionally measured and reported by researchers. The Japanese government's concentration on post-World War II economic expansion meant that the government only fully woke up to the financial implications of having a large elderly population when oil prices were raised in the 1970s, highlighting Japan's economic dependence on global markets. C489 Task 3 - C489 Organizational Behavior and Leadership Task 3 no revisions first pass, C100 Study Guide - Notes for Intro to hummanities, C228 Task 2 Cindy - Bentonville - Passed with no revisions, Community Health and Population-Focused Nursing, C841 Task 2 - Ethical Challenges faced in Cybersecurity, https://www.commonwealthfund.org/sites/default/files/documents/___media_files_public, ations_fund_report_2017_may_mossialos_intl_profiles_v5.pdf, https://www.loc.gov/law/help/child-rights/japan.php#:~:text=Almost%20all%20children, %20in%20Japan,an%20allowance%20from%20the%20government.&text=The %20government%20provides%20this%20mandatory%20education%20free%20of, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5491200/, https://www.commonwealthfund.org/international-health-policy-, https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/publication/2008/oct/testimony-rising-, health-care-costs-implications-health-and, Pediatric And Perinatal Clinical Nurse Specialist Practicum I (NUPR 569), Foundational Concepts & Applications (NR-500), Electrical Machines and Power Electronic Drives (E E 452), Professional Application in Service Learning I (LDR-461), Advanced Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions (NUR 4904), Principles Of Environmental Science (ENV 100), Operating Systems 2 (proctored course) (CS 3307), Comparative Programming Languages (CS 4402), Business Core Capstone: An Integrated Application (D083), Chapter 1 - Principles of Animal Behavior, Ch. privately owned and operated, and patients are free, but not required to, to choose a primary The number of residency positions in each region is also regulated. Finance Implications for Healthcare Delivery Health care facilities by the insurance companies and the government vary according to the citizen and the situation in America ranging from basic over-the-counter medications to complicated surgeries. the local government (Citizens Health Insurance). Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 0 In some cases, providers can choose to be paid on a per-case basis or on a monthly basis. Although physicians are not subject to revalidation, specialist societies have introduced revalidation for qualified specialists. 19 Japan Pharmaceutical Association, Annual Report of JPA (Tokyo: JPA, 2014), http://www.nichiyaku.or.jp/e/data/anuual_report2014e.pdf; accessed Sept. 3, 2016. Council on Long Range Planning & Development, Code of Medical Ethics: Guidance in a pandemic. Providers are usually prohibited from balance billing, but can charge for some services (see Cost-sharing and out-of-pocket spending above). There are more pharmacies than convenience stores. A preexisting condition is a health problem that a citizen had before acquiring new health coverage. <<1bdbb2bac862704c88b7a14089a90086>]>> With the introduction of the Affordable Care Act in 2010 in the United States, health insurance companies cannot refuse to cover a citizen or charge more for coverage for a preexisting condition (The Commonwealth Fund, 2020). Commonwealth Fund, 2020). !$^-2p)MB/Tpx$0~d2kXP?Oly[eLh/7qp P?1cJ3x}aFZc&To,Z|ez9@Dt7f?8RFT8?~@E0l8\|`?b61qS7G`mbJBzr@iD^tF yw healthcare costs have made it impossible for low income families, that do not qualify for state government subsidies The Commonwealth Fund, 2020). The 2018 revision of the SHIS fee schedule ensures that physicians in this program receive a generous additional initial fee for their first consultation with a new patient.31. Hospitals: As of 2016, 15 percent of hospitals are owned by national or local governments or closely related agencies. An endocrinologist shares necessary steps to take to protect your kidneys. Primary care practices typically include teams with a physician and a few employed nurses. Background Self-regulation of payment disclosure by pharmaceutical industry trade groups is a major global approach to increasing transparency of financial relationships between drug companies and healthcare professionals and organisations. 0000002123 00000 n because the country strives to have proper utilization of services to contain unnecessary Implications for Cost Savings on Healthcare in Japan Gabriel Symonds, MB BS This paper is an expanded version of a talk I gave at the International Forum on Quality and Safety in Healthcare, Japan 2014. There is an additional copayment for bed and board in institutional care, but it is waived or reduced for low-income individuals. Every prefecture has a Medical Safety Support Center for handling complaints and promoting safety. Childrens rights: Japan. By continuing on our website, you agree to our use of the cookie for statistical and personalization purpose. The health insurance plan is the same for all citizens across the board (The In Japan the government regulates the Statutory Health Insurance System (SHIS). Financing health care can be a tricky issue. For residence-based insurance plans, the national government funds a proportion of individuals mandatory contributions, as do prefectures and municipalities. Since Japan has universal healthcare, one of the financial implications to the patient is that there are no deductibles but must pay a 30% coinsurance rate except for the following: children under the age of three pay a rate of 205, individuals between the ages of 70-74 with lower income pay 20% and . A smaller proportion are owned by local governments, public agencies, and not-for-profit organizations. I verify that Im in the U.S. and agree to receive communication from the AMA or third parties on behalf of AMA. The remaining LTCI funding comes from individual mandatory contributions set by municipalities; these are based on income (including pensions) as well as estimated long-term care expenditures in the residents local jurisdiction. Not every residency match is made to last, as more than 1,000 residents transfer programs each year. What is being done to promote delivery system integration and care coordination? Find information about the summary of panel actions, a document prepared after each meeting of the CPT editorial panel. If approved, The .gov means its official. The patient can see any provider of their choosing related to specialty care, PT MH services, home care services and dental care. The government also provides subsidies to leading providers in the community to facilitate care coordination. medications are set by the government. 1999 Jan;4(1):27-32. doi: 10.1177/135581969900400108. Rising healthcare costs have made it impossible for low income families, that do not qualify for state benefits, to be insured. In the United States we have private healthcare which each individual person has to pay for, one way or another. The Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. The Japanese Health Ministry tightly controls the price of health care down to the smallest detail. Funding/Support: Support was provided by Quality and Group Health Cooperative and by grant R18 HS019129 from the Agency for Healthcare Research. 34 Council for the Realization of Work Style Reform, The Action Plan for the Realization of Work Style Reform (CRWSR, 2017) (in Japanese); a provisional English translation is available at https://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/headline/pdf/20170328/07.pdf. The contribution rates are about 10 percent of both monthly salaries and bonuses and are determined by an employee's income. National government sets the SHIS fee schedule and gives subsidies to local governments (municipalities and prefectures), insurers, and providers. coverage and unable to pay for any medical issue that may arise. Pharmacoeconomics. https://www.commonwealthfund.org/sites/default/files/documents/___media_files_public ations_fund_report_2017_may_mossialos_intl_profiles_v5.pdf, https://www.loc.gov/law/help/child-rights/japan.php#:~:text=Almost%20all%20children %20in%20Japan,an%20allowance%20from%20the%20government.&text=The %20government%20provides%20this%20mandatory%20education%20free%20of %20charge Library of Congress Law. Geriatr Gerontol Int. In this article, we introduce the financial aspects of the medical care and welfare services policy for the elderly in Japan. It also opened several public and private revenue sources for job investments that resulted in creating 14 million jobs in the United States within 5 years. Money in Japan is denominated in yen - that's written as JPY in trading markets. Editorials represent the opinions of the authors and JAMA and not those of . 24 S. Matsuda et al., Development and Use of the Japanese Case-Mix System, Eurohealth 14, no. At hospitals, specialists are usually salaried, with additional payments for extra assignments, like night-duty allowances. (August 2007). 1 (2018). Such information is often handed to patients to show to family physicians. |r6I[:,;vc.xt>]Ccw8BhLQqnSwOu4u, SYDe1TE|XQ<0eJar+fH_&QwZ +b Drugs Aging. Ethics of Financing & Delivery of Health Care discusses financing health care. Privacy Policy, Read the report to see how your state ranks. Hospital accreditation is voluntary. 0000001601 00000 n the referral is denied pending more studies, lab work, or additional treatment avenues the citizen than other industrialized nations (The Commonwealth Fund, 2008). 0000003223 00000 n Japans prefectures develop regional delivery systems. Average cost of public health insurance for 1 person: around 5% of your salary. Learn More. Decisions about rationing life-saving treatment should not be made ad hoc. Although maternity care is generally not covered, the SHIS provides medical institutions with a lump-sum payment for childbirth services. Contribution rates are capped. In this article we draw on our collective backgrounds in health financing, delivery, and innovation to offer a set of consensus-based policy recommendations focused on health care costs and. A3: Finance Implications for Healthcare Delivery There were several financial implications that occurred after the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was implemented, such as boosting the national job market and decreasing health spending. Mainly private nonprofit; 15% public. 167 23 The HOD speakers welcome comments for reports under development for the upcoming Interim and Annual Meetings. People can deduct annual expenditures on health services and goods between JPY 100,000 (USD 1,000) and JPY 2 million (USD 20,000) from taxable income. Japans prefectures implement national regulations, manage residence-based regional insurance (for example, by setting contributions and pool funds), and develop regional health care delivery networks with their own budgets and funds allocated by the national government. In Japan the municipal government arranges Residents also pay user charges for preventive services, such as cancer screenings, delivered by municipalities. Most of these measures are implemented by prefectures.17. Finance Implications for Healthcare Delivery Safety nets: In the SHIS, catastrophic coverage stipulates a monthly out-of-pocket threshold, which varies according to enrollee age and income. 4.1 Overview of Japan's Healthcare Delivery System; 4.2 Classification of Medical Facilities and Hospital Beds in Japan; . 8600 Rockville Pike Most acute care hospitals receive case-based (diagnosis-procedure combination) payments; FFS for remainder. With this, premiums continue to rise, and some employers have decided to drop coverage due to this increase. Epub 2018 Feb 26. A high average of Americans has trouble paying their medical bills, and one quarter of adults in the United States have medical debt (The Commonwealth Fund, 2008). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/data-00608-en; accessed July 18, 2018. Specialized mental health clinics and hospitals exist, but services for depression, dementia, and other common conditions are also provided by primary care. The idea of general practice has only recently developed. Administrative mechanisms for direct patient payments to providers: Clinics and hospitals send insurance claims, mostly online, to financing bodies (intermediaries) in the SHIS, which pay a major part of the fees directly to the providers. The schedule, set by the government, includes both primary and specialist services, which have common prices for defined services, such as consultations, examinations, laboratory tests, imaging tests, and defined chronic disease management. All services are rendered based on an Read the report to see how your state ranks. The AMA Code of Medical Ethics offers insight into what is ethically required to safely make a broader range of health care services available in a public health crisis. Other safety nets for SHIS enrollees include the following: Low-income people in the Public Social Assistance Program do not incur any user charges.15. 430) (tentative English translation), http://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/06-Seisakujouhou-10900000-Kenkoukyoku/0000047330.pdf; accessed Oct. 15, 2014. iPhone or The health insurance plan is the same for all citizens across the board (The Commonwealth Fund, 2020). The unemployed have the same coverage through the Citizens/Social Health Insurance program (The Commonwealth Fund, 2020). ; accessed Aug. 20, 2014. 1 CHE101 - Summary Chemistry: The Central Science, Chapter 15 Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders, ACCT 2301 Chapter 1 SB - Homework assignment, Answer KEY Build AN ATOM uywqyyewoiqy ieoyqi eywoiq yoie, Blue book mark k - Lecture notes Mark Klimek, Philippine Politics and Governance W1 _ Grade 11/12 Modules SY. Home care services provided by nonmedical institutions are covered by long-term care insurance (LTCI) (see Long-term care and social supports below). Finance Implications for Healthcare Delivery Cost containment is evidenced by price regulation for all services and all prescribed drugs in Japan. Determine the requirements to get a referral to see a specialist in the two healthcare systems.c. Pre-exposure prophylaxis is one of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) preventive services at risk in federal court, says Stephen Parodi, MD. Japan's prefectures implement national regulations, manage residence-based regional insurance (for example, by setting contributions and pool funds), and develop regional health care delivery networks with their own budgets and funds allocated by the national government. Country to Compare While The King's Fund has reported extensively on the size of the financial issues facing the health service, this will be our first piece of in-depth research examining what this means for patients. International profiles of health care systems. NURSING SCIENCE 734.3.4: Healthcare Utilization and Finance - The graduate analyzes financial implications related to healthcare delivery, reimbursement, access, and national initiatives. For example, hospitals admitting stroke victims or patients with hip fractures can receive additional fees if they use post-discharge protocols and have contracts with clinic physicians to provide effective follow-up care after discharge. continue to rise, and some employers have decided to drop coverage due to this increase. Disclaimer. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies 16 Figures for medical schools are summarized by the author using the following sources in May 2018: METI, Trends in University Tuition Fees (undated), http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/koutou/shinkou/07021403/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2017/12/26/1399613_03.pdf; the Promotion and Mutual Aid Corporation for Private Schools of Japan, Profiles of Private Universities (database), http://up-j.shigaku.go.jp/; and selected university websites. The analysis above demonstrates that families living in poverty, and particularly those in deep poverty, have few resources available after they pay for the most basic necessities, even before other critical expenditures such as health care, child care, and transportation are taken into account (Table 2). Retrieved from, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5491200/ Nakagawa, Sari, Kume, Noriaki. Since 2004, advanced treatment hospitals have been required to report adverse events to the Japan Council for Quality Health Care. The national government gives subsidies to local governments for these clinics. The number of supplementary medical insurance policies in force has gradually increased, from 23.8 million in 2010 to 36.8 million in 2017.13 The provision of privately funded health care has been limited to services such as orthodontics. Citizens age 40 and over pay income-related contributions in addition to SHIS contributions. Additional tax credits available for high health expenditures. The SHIS covers hospice care (both at home and in facilities), palliative care in hospitals, and home medical services for patients at the end of life. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help by the government. Most clinics and hospitals are 0000001188 00000 n Surveys of inpatients and outpatients experiences are conducted and publicly reported every three years. Immunization schedules are recommended through the Pediatric Society of Japan. Covered services include psychological tests and therapies, pharmaceuticals, and rehabilitative activities. *E2L(0[&GU2l#eY>\fOUXYVEEBL7#* Pharmacy practice in Japan. The Japan Health Insurance Association, which insures employers and employees of small and medium-sized companies, and health insurance associations that insure large companies also contribute to Health Insurance for the Elderly plans. In Tokyo, the maximum monthly salary contribution in 2018 was JPY 137,000 (USD 1,370) and the maximum contribution taken from bonuses was JPY 5,730,000 (USD 57,300).8,9,10 These contributions are tax-deductible, and vary between types of insurance funds and prefectures. Reducing health disparities between population groups has been a goal of Japans national health promotion strategy since 2012. For example, the monthly maximum for people under age 70 with modest incomes is JPY 80,100 (USD 801); above this threshold, a 1 percent coinsurance rate applies. }caZ3h{wO $xyPIB@"B!sJ"| wQW*6~ Enrollees in Citizen Health Insurance plans who have relatively lower incomes (such as the unemployed, the self-employed, and retirees) and those with moderate incomes who face sharp, unexpected income reductions are eligible for reduced mandatory contributions. National Library of Medicine Young children and low-income older adults have lower coinsurance rates, and there is an annual household out-of-pocket maximum for health care and long-term services based on age and income. Ethics of Financing & Delivery of Health Care discusses financing health care. It expects premiums to double to over CHF800 by 2030, as households shoulder the burden of exploding health costs. Long-term care and social supports: National compulsory long-term care insurance (LTCI), administered by municipalities under the guidance of the national government, covers those age 65 and older, and people ages 40 to 64 who have select disabilities. Healthy lifestyle choices are actively promoted to keep costs down, as well. drugs in Japan. A3. 10 Please note that, throughout this profile, all figures in USD were converted from JPY at a rate of about JPY100 per USD, the purchasing power parity conversion rate for GDP in 2018 for Japan, reported by OECD, Prices: Purchasing Power Parities for GDP and Related Indicators, Main Economic Indicators (database). Access is even Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01. Items selected must be important in health care and there must be a need for the drug in clinical practice (Nakagawa, Kume 2017). The Public Social Assistance Program, separate from the SHIS, is paid through national and local budgets. The number of medical students is also regulated (see Physician education and workforce above). 14 The rule for deduction explained here is applied for contracts after 2012. (October 1, 2008). The AMA is your steadfast ally from classroom to Match to residency and beyond. coverage offered by their employers or the Social Health Insurance (SHI) if employed in medium This new feature enables different reading modes for our document viewer.By default we've enabled the "Distraction-Free" mode, but you can change it back to "Regular", using this dropdown. Jan 13, 2023 03:30pm. 32 N. Ikegami and G.F. Anderson, In Japan, All-Payer Rate Setting Under Tight Government Control Has Proved to Be an Effective Approach to Containing Costs, Health Affairs 2012 31(5): 104956; H. Kawaguchi, S. Koike, and L. Ohe, Regional Differences in Electronic Medical Record Adoption in Japan: A Nationwide Longitudinal Ecological Study, International Journal of Medical Informatics 2018 115: 11419. After-hours care: After-hours care is provided by hospital outpatient departments, where on-call physicians are available, and by some medical clinics and after-hours care clinics owned by local governments and staffed by physicians and nurses. Prefectures promote collaboration among providers to achieve these plans, with or without subsidies as financial incentives. Building on AMA policy for augmented intelligence, the AMA consulted with key AI stakeholder groups to elicit their thoughts on the intersection of AI and health care.
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