5 No. Market Research World: What are The Pros and Cons of Data Collection Methods? The current reservation system keeps 13% of vacancies in government sector reserved for SC, 7.5 % for ST and 27.5% for OBC. Volume 52, Issue 3. Additionally, how much does the ethnic composition of a district affect the chances that a Latino candidate will be elected in a given district? In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. Saskatchewan Schools; Research Methods in Psychology; Dr. Mark Burgess and Dr. Stephen Kemp. Being a high school student I never payed much attention to anything outside of sports, academics and what crazy adventure me and my friends would be sucked into the upcoming weekend. Copyright 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. The article concludes with a discussion on the important avenues for future research as the level of diversity in Congress increases and more women and minorities enter the ranks of committee and party leadership. Represent Women?A Contingent "Yes" Jane Mansbridge Harvard University Disadvantaged groups gain advantages from descriptive representation in at least four contexts. A contingent yes. Explaining Preferences about Descriptive Representation, When politics is not just a man's game: Women's representation and political engagement, Womens Political Representation: A Review, Partisanship, Structure and Representation: The Puzzle of African American Education Politics, Falling Behind, Keeping Up, or Getting Ahead: Ethnic Candidates and the Competition for non-Western Origin Voters in the West, Levelling the playing field: Monitoring Croatian policies to promote gender equality in politics, Can Deliberative Minipublics Address the Cognitive Challenges of Democratic Citizenship, Parity/Disparity: Electoral Gender Inequality on the Tightrope of Liberal Constitutional Traditions, INTERSECTIONAL PRESENTATIONS: An Exploratory Study of Minority Congresswomen's Websites' Biographies, Ethnocultural Voting? Tables can be useful if trying to. Justice and the politics of difference. Bigger or more populous countries, especially those that have many provinces or states and a diverse society need people to be represented adequately at all levels of governance. Other hybrid approaches have been suggested for visual-spatial and model-based reasoning. The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. It is an Efficient Form of Government. Thirdly, results of this research can change over the period of time. nicknames with honey in them; westminster college wrestling; how do cat cafes pass health inspections; arcadia edu audio tour; karns supermarket weekly ads (1993). Minow, M. (1991). Secondly, I will draw upon Phuong Ngo as a case study to describe how descriptive and substantive representation impacted MEM voters in his constituency. In descriptive representation, representatives have similar backgrounds (gender, race, religion, etc.) However, they no longer go gentle into that goodnight. Hollis earned a degree in English Literature from the University of Florida. Apart from it, if you've collected data on multiple variables, you can use the Bivariate or Multivariate descriptive statistics to study . 9. Descriptive research is used to gain information about behavior. 3. The descriptive evaluation was proposed as opposed to traditional method of evaluation and it is based on new strategies for facing the government's challenges. Defending equality of outcome. A vast literature debates the efficacy of descriptive representation in legislatures. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in There are a few different ways to look at this by taking a look at different minority groups and examining their struggles. Proportional representation is a system of political representation that has been growing by leaps and bounds. Main Research Question. The descriptive characteristics of a representative can lull voters into thinking their substantive interests are being represented even when this is not the case. Voet, R. (1992). On the negative side, descriptive research can sometimes be skewed to fit the needs of the researcher. The concept of representation. 2. Prescriptivists typically abide by traditional elements that strive to preserve long-lasting grammatical rules, word forms, processes or behaviors even if the rules are outdated. (eds) Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation. Given Australia's ethnic diversity, it is agreed by most political and sociological scholars that such diversity is lacking in Australian legislative bodies.1 A point of contention lies in whether MEM representatives are able to actually implement legislation that will represent the views of minorities in their electorate (substantive representation) or whether the number of MEM representatives in legislative bodies is sufficient for representation (descriptive representation).2 In this essay, after discussing the benefits and limitations of descriptive and substantive representation, I will argue that both theories are linked because elected minority representatives are often best equipped at dealing with the issues of minorities and that MEM representatives have a positive impact on voters. descriptive representation is the extent to which a representative or legislative body resembles a given constituent and her social or demographic identities. Source publication Pros, Cons, and Changing Behavior: An. This forces the government to dissolve the coalition. Qualitative research, such as surveys and interviews, make information relatable to the reader. Purpose. During this time more than ever, African Americans are able to speak on subjects that can affect us in the future. Diagnostic analytics gives the reason why something happened. Mansbridge, J. The predominant theory that descriptive representation improves a constituent's relationship with the state (Mansbridge 1999) has led to the study of how sharing a salient identity with one's representative positively affects attitudes toward government.In particular, political science has examined the effect of descriptive representation on political efficacy, a measure of trust and sense . They delineate achievement and motivate students to study hard and perform well. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Marion Maddox, Kais Al-momani, Niki N. N. Dados, Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe, Leda Sutlovic, Toma Deelan, Danica Fink-Hafner, Jasminka Pesut, Centre for Peace and Social Justice Papers, The Institutional and Demographic Determinants of Latino Representation in State Legislatures, Legislative Oversight and the Substantive Representation of Black and Latino Interests in Congress, Women's Legislative Representation and Gender Equality: What Works in the Absence of a'Critical Mass', Quota Laws, Representation of Women and the Role of Civil Society Organizations, The Social and Political Forces Shaping Legislator-Constituent Relations: Expanding an Empirical Theory of Representation, Political Participation of Muslims in Australia, Citizen Panels and the Concept of Representation. Gives others the ability to learn and develop new skills 3. The Pros And Cons Of Labor. The point of this chapter is neither to define the threshold level of effective state feminism nor to argue that state feminism actually delivers better than descriptive representation. We may share your site usage data with our social media, advertising, and analytics partners for these reasons. (2002). It helps by saving time and money while collecting data. Reliance on analytical thinki ng. Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. States of democracy: A gender perspective. ), Has liberalism failed women? The Politics of Local Presence: Is there a Case for Descriptive Representation? Should representatives be typical of their constituents? References. Berkeley: University of California Press. The contention is that such similarity in success prospects requires social and economic redistribution and not only anti-discrimination and equal treatment (what Rawls refers to as formal equal opportunities). Holst, C. (2014). Sex and social justice. Furthermore, women in the profession of politics often express a lack of interest in running for office and they are often subjected to the effect of career ceilings. The safest position would be to say that results are "mixed . Signs, 19(3), 713738. The classic example of this advantage is that critical sample can be useful in determining the value of an investigation, while the expert sampling approach allows for an in-depth analysis of the information that is present. Descriptive Representation : Brief Description. Waterfall model is the very first model that is used in SDLC. A complete Idea: Such representation creates a clear and complete idea in the mind of the audience. Descriptive statistics describe a sample. Another benefit of descriptive research is that it enables you to determine the behavior of people in a natural setting. Williams, M. S. (1998). so that you can track your progress. Pros and Cons of Descriptive Research. Political liberalism. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. Growing up, racial profiling was never a big deal to me or my family. 4. tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip-tive representation most useful. Beyond bodies: Institutional sources of representation for women in democratic policy-making. This could mean different agents from the same brokerage or even the same agent represents multiple clients. Congress is also overwhelmingly Christian. However, its not unheard of for it to happen when two buyers are using the same agent. West European Politics, 36(3), 447473. Classic descriptive statistics include mean, min, max, standard deviation, median, skew, kurtosis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1938). Palgrave Macmillan, London. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. The limitation that comes with statistics is that it can't allow you to make any sort of conclusions beyond the . The maximization use of an executive law-making body is the crucial advantage that representative democracy can offer. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society, 21(2). \(\overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=} \). ), Deliberative democracy and its discontents. Often times in American history, unselected natural characteristics such as race and ethnicity have served as keen factors permitting unequal treatment of individuals and at creating barriers placing minority groups at a disadvantage when attempting to practice influence over the government. View the institutional accounts that are providing access. Comparing two schools within two separate districts instead of simply two schools in the city will add an additional layer of depth to this analysis, in that differences in the districts particular policies can be examined as to whether or not they contribute to the findings. Once you have this descriptive research, you can use it to focus your next ad campaign to the right clientele. Oxford: Polity Press. To save this article to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. Descriptive representation as an intrinsic good Theories of descriptive representation also suggest that voters may value representatives of the same race as an intrinsic good, regardless of any (perceived) substantive representation that accompanies it. https://cnx.org/contents/W8wOWXNF@12.1:Y1CfqFju@5/Preface, CC BY. Barry, B. The expansion of minority and female representation still continues at a slow pace. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The rise of the unelected. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. The closer assessment of pros and cons will. New York: Oxford University Press. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Lovenduski, J. Citing Literature. Engelstad, F., & Teigen, M. (2012). In this way, it couldn't just be that distinctive individuals lived in the high-wrongdoing territories than in the low-wrongdoing zones. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Legal harmonization and intersectionality in Swedish and Norwegian anti-discrimination reform. In the most comprehensive treatment on this subject to date, this article demonstrates that states with higher turnover rates and citizen legislatures are more conducive to the election of Latinos and demonstrates the institutional and demographic differences among several states affecting Latino descriptive representation. : LOCAL DESCRIPTIVE REPRESENTATION, Do Gender Quotas Work? PubMedGoogle Scholar, Uni Research Rokkan Centre, Bergen, Norway, Centre for Womens and Gender Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Information Science and Media Studies, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Holst, C. (2016). 1. Measures like percentiles and quartiles become very useful in this area of expertise. Research Fellowship Program Other Program and Initiatives London: Routledge. representation in the U.S. House of Representatives Advantages of Proportional Representation The main advantage of PR is that it makes sure that all the views of the public are represented. Disadvantages include the technical precision, time and funding resources necessary to create tables and graphs. The advantages of using tables and graphs to organize data include easy visualization of statistics, poignant descriptions of data, the provision of a summary of the overall work and the interest people show to graphics over words, according to Texas A&M University. Mutfak Gnlkleri Sibel'in Mutfa Ana Sayfa; Hakkmda; Bana Ulan; descriptive representation pros and cons. Descriptive Representation: Factors that Contribute to the Underrepresentation of Hispanic-Americans in The U.S. House of Representatives According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Hispanic population in the United States is fifty-four million. ), Redistribution or recognition? Your email address will not be published. Signs, 19(3), 630657. Today, EMILYs List, a PAC founded in 1985 to help elect pro-choice Democratic women to office, plays a major role in fundraising for female candidates. They may sometimes also include analytic work (comparing factors "" see below). We use cookies and similar technologies to ensure our website works properly, personalize your browsing experience, analyze how you use our website, and deliver relevant ads to you. Descriptivists allow for change and are willing to forgo some rules to fit current norms. Letters can be written to their representatives. Cambridge: Polity Press. (2001). Women in parliaments: Descriptive and substantive representation. The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. suggest descriptive representation leads to substantive representation in Congress. Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Walby, S. (2011). While women and minorities remain underrepresented in Congress, some individual legislators have achieved seniority and enough political clout necessary to move into leadership positions. 2. The Journal of Politics, 61(3), 628657. The electoral advantage of the incumbents presents a stumbling block on the advancement of new groups into the institution. Princeton: Princeton University Press. When determining whether or not legislators are representing their constituents interests, scholars using voting studies may overstate the role of strategic factors, such as reelection goals and constituent influence, while understating the effect of descriptive characteristics. Representing Diversity. Race has been a long-standing and stubborn dividing line in local, state, and national politics in the United States (Rogers 6). People still have a voice. Or at least, that's one theory. Ethics, 91, 431450. Towards a European union gender equality index. Quantitative Methodology. In the first place, learning of our neighbors gives us the inclination that we must keep an eye out for them. Gutmann, A., & Thompson, D. (1996). (2005). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. The diversity of the country is not reflected in the U.S. Congress, whose current membership is approximately 80 percent male, 82 percent white, and 92 percent Christian. History shows how minorities within America have been marginalized. Firstly, I will discuss the benefits and limitations of descriptive and substantive representation for MEM groups. Methodological essentialism, false difference, and other dangerous traps. . The institutional basis of democratic accountability. It is always recommended to visit an institution's official website for more information. Descriptive Representation Descriptive representation refers to the election of racial and ethnic minor-ity members to policymaking bodies (Pitkin 1967). There are many different types of data presentation. to the people they represent. Using an analytical tool such as a pros-and-cons list emphasizes the objective, "just the facts" side of decision making. Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in. From state-managed capitalism to neoliberal crisis. Sound bars have many pros, and they're the right choice for most people: Sound is still way better than integrated speakers. Annual Review of Political Science, 12, 5169. Descriptive research provides numerical descriptions that identify what the thing being studied looks like in terms of its size, location, and frequency. There are, however, practical limitations to including different groups and subgroups in There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. 2. Subject materials can be evaluated with greater detail. Institutionalizing intersectionality. Women-centred and intersectional state feminism, state feminism inside and outside a welfare state context, and state feminism more and less democratized are compared, and it is argued that from the cost side, descriptive representation is more recommendable in a democratized, intersectional state feminist regime than in a women-centred technocratic one, whereas the effects of the welfare state variable on descriptive representation costs are more mixed. Bone conduction headphones have many pros, including no ear wax build-up or infections, and they can be helpful for people with tinnitus. 3. The Case of Rwanda, Worlds Apart? Oxford: Oxford University Press. The politics of presence. The first disadvantage is that descriptive research requires more skills. Enter your library card number to sign in. Patsy Mink (a), a Japanese American from Hawaii, was the first Asian American woman elected to the House of Representatives. In J. Klausen & C. Maier (Eds. Gender and discourse. Pros & Cons of Existential Counseling . You can download the paper by clicking the button above. One of the benefits of descriptive representation is that the MEM representatives ethnicity and certain ethnic features of that representatives ethnicity can make MEM voters feel empowered.7 Such features can include physical appearance like skin colour and hair type. Fraser, N. (2013). Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. The tyranny of the majority: Fundamental fairness in representative democracy. Descriptive representation allows for adequate communication in contexts of mistrust What is the relate-ability benefit of Descriptive Representation People will be more likely to communicate more with someone with whom they share a racial identity. The more people feel less repressed by the authority the more they feel like they can speak and actual have their voices heard. Norsk Statsvitenskaplig Tidsskrift, 13(3). We would say that a black constituent is descriptively represented when she has a black member of Congress, regardless of whether that member of Congress . Descriptive statistics is a form of analysis that helps you by describing, summarizing, or showing data in a meaningful way. 1. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 12411299. While qualitative research may be hard to argue against because it involves numbers and tests, questions of the researchers motive and method often arise. Hernes, H., & Skjeie, H. (1997). Toggle navigation. Democracy With Adequate Representation. Use descriptive statistics to summarize and graph the data for a group that you choose. This law-making body is generally controlled by the laws and governed by the state constitution. Equality of opportunity. Prescriptivists typically abide by traditional elements that strive to preserve long-lasting grammatical rules, word forms, processes or behaviors even if the rules are outdated. Nevertheless in a country where nearly 50% of Americans under 18 are minorities, the future looks quite hopeful for real change. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Mink had been interested in fighting discrimination in education since her youth, when she opposed racial segregation in campus housing while a student at the University of Nebraska. That's pretty straightforward. Professionals often use descriptive statistics to communicate simple trends within a data set. . (1999). Thirdly, descriptive research is less expensive and time consuming. "Share icon", Quan Do, The Noun Project. Second, this same information reveals to us when somebody is strange, or something improper is going on. Descriptive research does not rely on only one type of data; it relies on both quantitative and qualitative Relatable. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive representation Descriptive representation is where people are allowed to vote for leaders who they feel mirror their beliefs. Because it is so varied in method and usage, researchers favor its use in many different fields including marketing, medical health, science and psychology. Visualize the benefits and drawbacks of the solution. Aldershot: Ashgate. The Great Compromise And The Basics Of Bicameralism, Senate Representation And House Apportionment, Summary of the Institutional Design of Congress, Types Of Representation: Looking Out For Constituents, Collective Representation And Congressional Approval, Summary of House and Senate Organizations, Continue With the Mobile App | Available on Google Play, https://cnx.org/contents/W8wOWXNF@12.1:Y1CfqFju@5/Preface, https://thenounproject.com/term/share/7671/. Descriptivists allow for change and are willing to forgo some rules to fit current norms. If you are doing a comparison between two products, you might give one product an unfair advantage to get the desired results. Pros. As graphical representations are exhibited through numerical figures, tables, or graphs, it usually involves fewer errors and mistakes. In Australia, 'ethnic' generally has been used to refer to immigrants (and their offspring) from non-British origins.3 Regarding the definition of 'migrant', I will apply the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural, Under what conditions are Latinos elected to the Congress and state legislatures? Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation pp 87110Cite as, Part of the Citizenship, Gender and Diversity book series (FEMCIT). Pros and Cons of different Prescriptive Analytics technologies | by AlainChabrier | IBM Data Science in Practice | Medium Write Sign up Sign In 500 Apologies, but something went wrong on our. Companies can collect data first-hand based on stats and unbiased information. In each case, we find that in a given Congress, legislators are around 6-9 percentage points more likely to contact federal agencies on behalf of constituents with whom they share background char-acteristics, when compared to their nonveteran, male, or white . While this observation highlights why it is impossible to include every subgroup all the time, it should not distract from the need of including ethnic and regional minorities in processes of decision-making, and certainly not be seen as a licence to exclude large groups of society. The analysis will stress that the deliberative function of democracy requires de-scriptive representation far more than does the aggregative function. Since feedback is a necessary component of first-class customer service and workforce optimization . New York: Colombia University Press. Register or login to receive notifications when there's a reply to your comment or update on this information. Descriptive research designs also offer a unique means of data collection. That structure makes it easier for extremist views to find official representation. Quantitativist. Morone, J. Inspection; Surface Mount; Test; Through-Hole; Menu Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive research. Another argument in favor of descriptive research is that once information is assembled, there are many ways to apply it. In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. Cons are arguments against it. In academic and professional environments, researchers often take on research projects before making definitive statements or taking action involving the subject matter. (2004). Towards a European union gender equality index. It might be helpful to take a longer-term perspective here: rather than focusing on the absence of particular (small) groups in society in any given legislature, focus on persistent exclusion over several legislatures. Should blacks represent blacks and women represent women? Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Emerald: Bingley. Aldershot: Ashgate. In Y. Galligan (Ed. Citizenship, Gender and Diversity. Plantenga, J., Remery, C., Figueiredo, H., & Smith, M. (2009). Growing up in America, children are taught by their grade school teachers to be proud of being American. However, they also have some cons, such as low sound quality and low battery life. Disadvantages of proportional representation. Studies of the representation of minority interests in the era following the enactment This however has created an increase in of social anxiety among some people in American. Your email address will not be published. It doesn't answer the question "why", which makes it limited and won't come up with the cause and effect of a research topic. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Public opinion and the Australian aid budget, 2000-2013, Black Legislative Politics: Examining the Issue of Voting Rights in the Post- Hurricane Katrina Period, The Role of Race, Ethnicity, and Party on Atittudes towards Descriptive Representation, Issues and Candidates: Colorado Latino/a Vote Choices, Granting Local Voting Rights to Non-Citizens in Estonia and Latvia: The Conundrum of Minority Representation in Two Divided Democracies, Intersectionality, Quotas, and Minority Womens Political Representation Worldwide, Turkish Journal of Politics (TJP) Vol. Currently, forty-six African Americans serve in Congress. I didnt have an opinion when surveys asked if I felt that I wasn't being treated equally to my fellow American classmate with all the same qualities I held. Crenshaw, K. (1991). Black faces, black interests: The representation of African-Americans in congress. One example of this is the district context hypothesis that states that individuals in districts. Lovenduski, J. The Effects of Descriptive Representation on Interpersonal Relations. Moreover, to date, few minority legislators have been elected from districts that do not contain a high percentage of minority constituents. It is based on the belief that constituents are more effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in key demographic characteristics as gender, ethnicity, or religion.