Just for the sake of background, the former, the Bantu people, form the vast majority of the African population and are typically described as Negroid, or Congoid, their origins being in the region of the Congo and the Niger Delta. The Shum Laka people survived for at least 1,000 years in the heart of Bantu country. Remaining in Africa, we now shift our attention to an episode of colonial genocide that deeply scarred the legacy of the German colonization of Africa. No one was safe, not even children, for as the philosophy went, to stop the weeds you must also pull up their roots. 24 Theal, G. M., Records of South-East Africa (Capetown, 18981903), vols. Recognition is not universal, however, and a number of important countries support Turkey in this issue. He was thus able to interweave his own warped ideology with the mood of a nation. Many centuries later, around AD 1000, some Eastern Cushitic speakers also settled in northern and coastal Kenya. The Extinct "Ghost Modern" Race of Africa and the Bantu Expansion Genocide The infamous Rwandan genocide was triggered by the tensions between the Hutus and Tutsis. The phenomenon was known as the Mfecane, or Difaqane, or the Scattering. Needless to say, not all Germans subscribed to his vision, but enough did to render it practical, and, as the old saying goes: Bad things happen when good people do nothing. In the 1840s, Ireland existed as part of Great Britain and Ireland, and as such, it was ruled directly from London by the British Government. Between 300 AD-1000 AD, through participation in the long-existing Indian Ocean trade route, these communities established links with Arabian and Indian traders, leading to the development of the Swahili culture. Accompanying charcoal carbon-dated to 266 s.c. 120. The German government has in recent years heard demands for compensation and recognition of the victims, and the legacy of this event remains a strain on relations between the two nations. If you would like to reproduce it please get in touch via this form. The departure of the British would naturally bring about democratic rule, and in a society where Hindus vastly outnumbered Muslims, universal suffrage meant Muslim marginalization. In fact a small amount South African Bantu men have Khoisan specific Y-DNA (including Cushitic pastoralist Y-DNA which is significant among the Khoisan). However, the climate-induced destruction of this rainforest in 1000BCE propelled the next stage of migration forward at a rapid pace. The Tutsi's . Other factors promoting state-formation were increased trade among African communities and with European and Arab traders on the coasts, technological innovations in economic activity, and new techniques in the political-spiritual ritualisation of royalty as the source of national strength and health. This began its extreme animus towards the west, a sentiment reinforced by the overspill of the Vietnam War. In total, about 11.2 million people successfully crossed the India-West Pakistan border in different directions, mostly through the Punjab region. To elucidate the still poorly characterized western Bantu expansion, we analyzed Y-chromosome (25 biallelic polymorphisms and 15 microsatellite markers) and mtDNA (hypervariable control regions I and II and selected coding region RFLPs) variation in a population of 110 individuals from southwest Africa, and compared it with a database of 2,708 Historical Maps, Prints, Photographs and Books, Off Green Island, Bass Strait, 1893 Framed Print, Port Jackson from Vaucluse, c1800 Framed Print, Taking back the Homeland Ethiopian Guerrillas in World War II, Doggerland: The Lost World Beneath the North Sea, Interesting Stories of the Mound-Building Native American Civilizations of the Midwest, Map of New Holland and Asiatic Isles, 1814 Framed Print, reproduce it please get in touch via this form, The Conquerors Perspective: Why Europe Has so Many Different Languages, A Continents Currency: 20 years of the Euro, The Roman dead: new techniques are revealing just how diverse Roman Britainwas, Secondary school textbooks teach our kids the myth that Aboriginal Australians were nomadic hunter-gatherers. Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. As the genocide progressed, survival was determined simply by an individuals ability to do work on the collective farms. However, beneath the sea lies evidence of a lost world a mass of land that []. On Tuesday, August 14, 1947, Pakistan was proclaimed independent from Britain, and a day later, India followed suit. The expansion reached South Africa, probably as early as AD 300.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Guerrilla warfare played a huge role in World War II. In other words, most sub-Saharan Africans today are descended from Bantus, who are, historically, a genocidal conqueror race rather like the Yamnayas-Aryans of Eurasia. This particular event, however, became embroiled in other social, political and economic issues, which is where historians tend to point the finger of blame at the British and accuse them of genocide. In 1966, Roland Oliver published an article presenting these correlations as a reasonable hypothesis.[17]. The wider effect, however, was a cascading implosion of refugees, who displaced only to attack yet weaker groups, who in turn were displaced to do the same. This resulted in an attempt to systematically eliminate the large Christian Armenian minority. fall into the classification of genocide. Most of these treaties implied imperial protection in exchange for land rights. It remains a livid international issue, however, and one upon which Turkeys entry into the European Union has traditionally been hinged. How can you have a Cracka, talking about African History?? In all probability, however, this was genocide, because it could not have been done without the expectation that death on a mass scale would be the result. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. The result was a mass slaughter as Muslims trapped in India sought to flee to Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs caught in Pakistan tried to make it across the border into India. 285.Google Scholar, 16 Mathew, Gervase, The East African coast until the coming of the Portuguese, in Oliver, R. and Mathew, G., History of East Africa I (Oxford, 1963), 96.Google Scholar, 17 This was an Iron Age Colonization; therefore it Cannot have been earlier in time than the spread of the Iron Age in Indonesia around the first century A.D.Google Scholar, 18 Freeman-Grenville, G. S. P., The East African Coast (1962), 15, etc.Google Scholar, 19 Guthrie, Malcolm, loc. If one was to point the finger at the former Soviet Union for acts of genocide, then one would be able to point in many different directions. What area? The Khmer Rouge, or the Red Khmer, was a movement born out of the struggle against French colonization. Personal communication from Mr Fagg. The German government has in recent years heard demands for compensation and recognition of the victims, and the legacy of this event remains a strain on relations between the two nations. What followed was an extreme Maoist, Marxist-Leninist movement in Cambodia, and an extreme, and inexplicable antipathy towards intellectuals and professionals. In terms of sheer numbers, it is probably the Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian Genocide of 1932-33, that racked up the greatest score. Summary. Does this action fall into the classification of genocide? The most famous of this race is the San, or Bushmen. The dynamics of genocide are rooted in the complex colonial policies of the time. Tensions and violence increased after the Rwandan Genocide as 1.5 million Hutu refugees fled Rwanda. In 1884, it was agreed among European powers that all expansion into Africa would be by treaty with local, indigenous authority. Over 14 million people were displaced along religious lines, and between 1-2 million people lost their lives. Thus they will have a small pool of their specific Y-DNA just by the numbers. [30], It is clear that there were human populations in the region at the time of the expansion, and pygmies are their closest living relatives. The early stages of migration were slow. Your email address will not be published. That child, a boy, was given the name Shaka, a pejorative reference to an intestinal parasite. The southward Bantu occupation of sub-Saharan Africa (south of the Sahara), started some 2,000 years ago, with the introduction of crop farming and iron age technology from Nubia which made expansion, weaponry, conquest and supremacy possible. Back on more familiar territory, the Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, has long been the subject of furious denial by the Turkish government. . The Bantu first originated around the Benue-Cross rivers area in southeastern Nigeria and spread over Africa to the Zambia area. 7 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa (1965), 46.Google Scholar, 8 Cf. Furthermore, both the Khoisan and Pygmies still mostly have their own specific Y-DNA haplogroups. It was only by the spurious acquisition and manipulation of treaties with native kings and rulers that most European powers took the title of Africa. The debate has never been so much the classification of the event as genocide, although that is, of course, debatable. No one need ever be reminded that the greatest and least disputed incidence of genocide in modern history was the systematic exterminations of Europes Jews by the Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler. Historians believe the migration was splintered in small groups not large conquering hordes that separated and settled in new regions. Some 6.5 million of those were Muslims migrating from India to Pakistan, and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan to India. The Bantu people brought iron-smelting technology and subsistence farming to areas previously dominated by hunter-gatherers or early pastoralists. Further east, Bantu-speaking communities had reached the great Central African rainforest, and by 500BC, pioneering groups had emerged into the savannas to the south, in what are now the Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, and Zambia. The scope of the Armenian genocide is usually defined as the physical extermination of Armenian Christians living within the geographic boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, between 1915 and 1916. The German Empire claimed the colony in 1884, as part of what was known as the Scramble for Africa. About 3500 years ago, an event began that changed the demographic, linguistic, and cultural makeup of the African continent forever. On Tuesday, August 14, 1947, Pakistan was proclaimed independent from Britain, and a day later, India followed suit. One of the many ways used by white supremacists and apologists to legitimize colonialism of the African continent & genocide of its people. The tell-tale sign is the lack of non-bantu Y-DNA left in the area and the MtDNA still surviving, which means they killed the men and "took" the women. Currently, only the governments of Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the USA and Hungary accept that the events of the Holodomor conform to the legal definition of genocide. Of course not. The genetic legacy of western Bantu migrations - PubMed Another legendary state derivative of the Bantu Expansion is the Zulu Empire. As heirs to the old Mughal Empire, traditional Muslim leaders enjoyed an influence not particularly congruent with their numbers. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-ttbxf The mechanics of the Holocaust are now so universally understood that nothing can be added here. Evidence of the existence of previous African races and tribes can be found in present day DNA records of today's Bantu people. Such groups as Slavs, blacks, Roma, various Soviets, prisoners of war of different shades, homosexuals, Jehovahs Witnesses and political opponents were all treated much the same. [41] Other inland centres established during this phase of expansion include Bigo bya Mugenyi in Uganda, Thimlich Ohinga in Kenya and the Kweneng' Ruins in South Africa. These deaths were distributed across all of the most populous regions of Russia, but the greatest impact was felt in Ukraine. The Bantu languages, a closely-knit family of 440 to 680 languages (depending on how one distinguishes between a language and a dialect), are spoken across the southern third of the African continent, from the boundary between modern day Nigeria and Cameroon in the west, to southern Somali in the east, and as far south as the Cape. The indigenous population of the territory comprised dispersed agricultural and pastoral communities belonging to the two major indigenous population groups in southern Africa. They subsequently rebelled, attracting a violent response from the Germans. Roberts, A. D. [42][43], Manfred K. H. Eggert stated that "the current archaeological record in the Central African rainforest is extremely spotty and consequently far from convincing so as to be taken as a reflection of a steady influx of Bantu speakers into the forest, let alone movement on a larger scale."[44]. Replies claiming this is white supremacist to somehow study history are just ad hominem attacks mostly. But Pol Pot was not alone in perpetuating the horrors of his rule. On the western extremities of the southern African subcontinent lies the nation of Namibia, known until independence as South West Africa, and prior to that as German South West Africa. It is a relatively well-known story, or at least one that African history . Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. Was the Bantu expansion or migration a genocide? - Quora Yeah, Bantu expanded around 1500 years or so and did a little genociding of the Khoisans and pygmies in the area. There was, of course, a great deal of mercantile resistance, but the British government held firm. As usual, the argument is one of semantics. Perhaps, instead of asking how, the question why might be better suited to this format. But Pol Pot was not alone in perpetuating the horrors of his rule. The departure of the British would naturally bring about democratic rule, and in a society where Hindus vastly outnumbered Muslims, universal suffrage meant Muslim marginalization. The question is rather whether Muslim nationalists were to blame for demanding a two-state solution, whether Hindu nationalists were to blame for allowing it, or whether the British were to blame for leaving India knowing that genocide was inevitable. A prime example is the Southern African Kingdom of Mapungubwe. Perhaps, instead of asking how, the question why might be better suited to this format. Needless to say, the matter is most keenly felt in the Ukraine, and on 13 January 2010, a Ukrainian court found Joseph Stalin, among numerous other Soviet officials of the period, posthumously guilty of genocide. Ethnic Armenian Christians, mainly living in what would today be modern Turkey, became subject to genocide as the old ruling Caliphate of the Ottoman Empire came under the more modernizing influence of the Young Turks. . If he was, it might make it easier to explain. It is described as one of the most momentous events in African history. Check your inbox or spam folder to confirm your subscription. India was, as the saying goes, the Jewel in the British Crown. It never happened. Quite as the Turkish government and people reject outright the definition of the Armenian deportation as genocide, so the British government also regard the Great Irish Famine of 1845-1852. Like hes a supposedly a historian but I see no mention of him going to a university. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. READ: The Spread of Farming in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Bantu Migration of the Congo rainforest at its periphery, for instance along the coasts of South Cameroon, Gabon, and Congo (11, 16, 19).A second event at 2,500 B.P. What followed was an extreme Maoist, Marxist-Leninist movement in Cambodia, and an extreme, and inexplicable antipathy towards intellectuals and professionals. India was, as the saying goes, the Jewel in the British Crown. Archaeological, linguistic, genetic, and environmental evidence all support the conclusion that the Bantu expansion was a significant human migration. The Bantu languages constitute by far Africa's largest language family. Get your weekly fill of History Articles and Quizzes. The Atlantic-Congo family comprises a huge group of languages spread throughout Western, Central and Southern Africa. A lot less easy to explain is the national derangement that gripped one half of Cambodia, causing it to react with such violence towards the other. The Mfecane. However, the Holocaust, although predominately targeting Jews, was also an expression of Nazi aversion to any group or individual not conforming to a narrow definition of Aryan purity. Other academic opinion tends to point to a typically dogmatic refusal on the part of the British government to acknowledge a failed policy. In its simplest terms, the Herero, a Bantu people, in one of many internecine conflicts, required German protection and did not get it. The land rights, of course, were freely utilized, while the protection often simply meant bondage. WWII, however, reconfigured the imperial landscape, and by then, India was demanding independence, and the British were more than willing to give it to them. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. If he was, it might make it easier to explain. Between 1.5 and 3 million Cambodians died, or were killed by the regime. For more than a century, historians have supported the idea of a 'Bantu Expansion' that, starting in West Africa several millennia ago, spread across the southern half of the continent. This monumental event has attracted significant debate and speculation that recent research has endeavored to resolve. View your signed in personal account and access account management features. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. During that bitter period of modern Irish history between 1845 and 1849 approximately 1 million people died, and a million more emigrated. In March 1970, the military in Cambodia ended the traditional rule of Prince Sihanouk. This implied that all colonization was by invitation, which was, of course, hardly the case. Some 6.5 million of those were Muslims migrating from India to Pakistan, and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan to India. Mai Mai militia groups aided in the formation of military bases within the Hutu Refugee camps. This began its extreme animus towards the west, a sentiment reinforced by the overspill of the Vietnam War.